An examination of Indonesian teachers' and students' perception and level of digital citizenship.

Despite the advanced development of technology has played a critical role in promoting a global community for people around the globe, it has been paid little attention in the literature that explores teachers' and students' readiness to become part of the digital citizenship particularly in the Indonesian education context. It is thus the objective of the present study to examine Indonesian teachers' and students' perception and their level of digital citizenship. Using a non-probability sampling technique, a total of 157 participants participated in the survey, including 39 teachers and 118 students. Many participants were from vocational-secondary schools (N = 58) and non-vocational secondary schools (N = 99). However, after a screening process, of 157 datasets, only 98 data were used for the quantitative data analysis using the Rasch modelling. Rasch modelling method was used for the quantitative data analysis. The findings of the current study revealed that teachers and students had a high-level level of digital citizenship. The teacher and student participants also had a positive view digital citizenship. However, although teachers and students perceived that the internet had helped them develop an understanding of political and social issues, they were reported to have fewer political activities online. They were reluctant to discuss political and social issues in the online community. Findings also showed that the participants' political activity was statistically different in reference to their age, although teachers and students were shown to have a similar level of digital citizenship. Recommendations were thus offered based on the findings.