Li Bin, Khan Muhammad Zahoor, Khan Ibrar Muhammad, Ullah Qudrat, Cisang Zhuo-Ma, Zhang Nan, Wu Dan, Huang Bingjian, Ma Yulin, Khan Adnan, Jiang Nan, Zahoor Muhammad
Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Tibet Autonomous Regional Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lhasa, China.
Liaocheng Research Institute of Donkey High-Efficiency Breeding and Ecological Feeding, Agricultural Science and Engineering School, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
Front Genet. 2023 Aug 10;14:1195774. doi: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1195774. eCollection 2023.
Mammary glands are known for their ability to convert nutrients present in the blood into milk contents. In cows, milk synthesis and the proliferation of cow mammary epithelial cells (CMECs) are regulated by various factors, including nutrients such as amino acids and glucose, hormones, and environmental stress. Amino acids, in particular, play a crucial role in regulating cell proliferation and casein synthesis in mammalian epithelial cells, apart from being building blocks for protein synthesis. Studies have shown that environmental factors, particularly heat stress, can negatively impact milk production performance in dairy cattle. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway is considered the primary signaling pathway involved in regulating cell proliferation and milk protein and fat synthesis in cow mammary epithelial cells in response to amino acids and heat stress. Given the significant role played by the mTORC signaling pathway in milk synthesis and cell proliferation, this article briefly discusses the main regulatory genes, the impact of amino acids and heat stress on milk production performance, and the regulation of mTORC signaling pathway in cow mammary epithelial cells.
乳腺以其将血液中存在的营养物质转化为乳汁成分的能力而闻名。在奶牛中，乳汁合成和奶牛乳腺上皮细胞（CMECs）的增殖受多种因素调节，包括氨基酸和葡萄糖等营养物质、激素以及环境应激。特别是氨基酸，除了作为蛋白质合成的组成部分外，在调节哺乳动物上皮细胞的细胞增殖和酪蛋白合成中也起着关键作用。研究表明，环境因素，尤其是热应激，会对奶牛的产奶性能产生负面影响。雷帕霉素复合物1（mTORC1）途径被认为是参与响应氨基酸和热应激调节奶牛乳腺上皮细胞的细胞增殖以及乳蛋白和脂肪合成的主要信号通路。鉴于mTORC信号通路在乳汁合成和细胞增殖中发挥的重要作用，本文简要讨论了主要调控基因、氨基酸和热应激对产奶性能的影响以及奶牛乳腺上皮细胞中mTORC信号通路的调节。
