Rapid and strain-specific resistance evolution of against inhibitory molecules secreted by .

Polymicrobial infections are common. In chronic infections, the different pathogens may repeatedly interact, which could spur evolutionary dynamics with pathogens adapting to one another. Here, we explore the potential of to adapt to its competitor . These two pathogens frequently co-occur, and is seen as the dominant species being able to displace . We studied three different strains and found that all became quickly resistant to inhibitory compounds secreted by . Our experimental evolution revealed strains-specific adaptations with three main factors contributing to resistance evolution: (i) overproduction of staphyloxanthin, a molecule protecting from oxidative stress; (ii) the formation of small colony variants also protecting from oxidative stress; and (iii) alterations of membrane transporters possibly reducing toxin uptake. Our results show that species interactions can change over time potentially favoring species co-existence, which in turn could affect disease progression and treatment options.