Nakamura Nozomu H, Oku Yoshitaka, Fukunaga Masaki
Division of Physiome, Department of Physiology, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1, Mukogawa cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
Section of Brain Function Information, National Institute of Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
Rev Neurosci. 2023 Sep 1;35(2):165-182. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0062. Print 2024 Feb 26.
Breathing is a natural daily action that one cannot do without, and it sensitively and intensely changes under various situations. What if this essential act of breathing can impact our overall well-being? Recent studies have demonstrated that breathing oscillations couple with higher brain functions, i.e., perception, motor actions, and cognition. Moreover, the timing of breathing, a phase transition from exhalation to inhalation, modulates specific cortical activity and accuracy in cognitive tasks. To determine possible respiratory roles in attentional and memory processes and functional neural networks, we discussed how breathing interacts with the brain that are measured by electrophysiology and functional neuroimaging: (i) respiration-dependent modulation of mental health and cognition; (ii) respiratory rhythm generation and respiratory pontomedullary networks in the brainstem; (iii) respiration-dependent effects on specific brainstem regions and functional neural networks (e.g., glutamatergic PreBötzinger complex neurons, GABAergic parafacial neurons, adrenergic C1 neurons, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, temporoparietal junction, default-mode network, ventral attention network, and cingulo-opercular salience network); and (iv) a potential application of breathing manipulation in mental health care. These outlines and considerations of "brain-breath" interactions lead to a better understanding of the interoceptive and cognitive mechanisms that underlie brain-body interactions in health conditions and in stress-related and neuropsychiatric disorders.
呼吸是一项不可或缺的日常自然行为，在各种情况下，它都会发生敏感而剧烈的变化。如果这种基本的呼吸行为能够影响我们的整体健康状况会怎样呢？最近的研究表明，呼吸振荡与高级脑功能相关联，即感知、运动行为和认知。此外，呼吸的时间，即从呼气到吸气的相位转换，会调节认知任务中的特定皮层活动和准确性。为了确定呼吸在注意力和记忆过程以及功能性神经网络中可能发挥的作用，我们讨论了呼吸如何与通过电生理学和功能性神经成像测量的大脑相互作用：（i）呼吸对心理健康和认知的依赖性调节；（ii）脑干中的呼吸节律产生和呼吸脑桥延髓网络；（iii）呼吸对特定脑干区域和功能性神经网络的依赖性影响（例如，谷氨酸能前包钦格复合体神经元、γ-氨基丁酸能面神经旁神经元、肾上腺素能C1神经元、臂旁核、蓝斑、颞顶叶交界处、默认模式网络、腹侧注意网络和扣带回-岛叶突显网络）；以及（iv）呼吸调节在心理保健中的潜在应用。这些关于“脑-呼吸”相互作用的概述和思考有助于更好地理解健康状况以及与压力相关和神经精神疾病中脑-体相互作用背后的内感受和认知机制。
