The Social, Demographic, and Clinical Predictors of COVID-19 Severity: a Model-based Analysis of United States Veterans.

PURPOSE

This study aims to identify the contributions of individual and community social determinants of health (SDOH), demographic, and clinical factors in COVID-19 disease severity through a model-based analysis.

METHODS

This national cross-sectional study focused on hospitalization among those tested for COVID-19 and use of intensive care, analyzing data on 220,848 Veterans tested between February 20, 2020 and October 20, 2021. Multiple logistic regression models were constructed using backwards elimination. The predictive value of each model was assessed with a c-statistic.

RESULTS

Those hospitalized were older, more likely to be male, of Black or Asian race, have an income less than $39,999, live in an urban residence, and have medical comorbidities. The strongest predictors for hospitalization included Gini inequality index, race, income, heart failure, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). For intensive care, Asian race, rural residence, COPD, and CKD were the strongest predictors. C-statistics were c = 0.749 for hospitalization and c = 0.582 for ICU admission.

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of clinical, demographic, individual and community SDOH factors predict COVID-19 hospitalization with good predictive ability and can inform risk stratification, discharge planning, and public health interventions. Racial disparities were not explained by social or clinical factors. Intensive care models had low discriminative power and may be better explained by other characteristics.