Estimation methods and reduction strategies of port carbon emissions - what literatures say?

Carbon emissions from port operational activities significantly contribute to climate change and have gained attention from researchers. However, there is a notable deficiency in systematically analyzing port carbon emissions' estimation methods and reduction strategies. This study reviewed 49 academic literatures to examine the port's carbon emissions estimation methodologies, quantitative research outcomes, and reduction techniques. The analysis results revealed: (1) Estimates of port carbon emissions frequently tend to underestimate actual emissions due to the omission of specific sources. (2) Inherent variances across ports present challenges in establishing a universally applicable estimation methodology. (3) Port carbon emissions reduction strategies involve operational optimization, dispatching, equipment transformation, and energy management. Future research directions were proposed, including comprehensive emissions source estimation, harmonization of estimation methodologies, equipment-integrated scheduling, port automation and electrification, and energy management. This study guides the development of the port's carbon emission estimation and reduction, aiding port operators in efficient production management.