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限量饲喂全混合日粮会加剧 1 岁奶牛的互吮行为。

Limit feeding total mixed rations exacerbates intersucking in year-old dairy heifers.

机构信息

Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; Animal Behavior Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616.

出版信息

J Dairy Sci. 2023 Dec;106(12):9494-9506. doi: 10.3168/jds.2022-23126. Epub 2023 Sep 9.

Abstract

Limit feeding is a practice that is used to improve feed efficiency and control growth in dairy heifers, but also has negative consequences associated with hunger and restriction of feeding behavior. One such consequence could be intersucking (i.e., the licking or sucking of another animal's teats or udder). This behavior is reported to varying degrees in heifers, and thus, our first objective was to evaluate whether intersucking increased in response to short-term (48 h) feed restriction. Intersucking interventions, such as nose rings, are often applied to specific animals, and so our second objective was to describe intersucking performance in individual heifers, including those that represent outliers in this population. We studied 42 heifers (9 Jerseys, 33 Holsteins) aged 12.8 ± 1.1 mo (mean ± SD). They were housed in 21 pairs, the experimental unit for our first objective. We used a switchback design with 3 periods of 2 d each where heifers were fed ad libitum total mixed ration in the first and third periods (Baseline and Return, respectively), and limit fed to 50% of ad libitum intake in the second period (Restriction). We scored time spent intersucking continuously and eating at 5-min intervals from video recordings from 0800 to 2000 h on 4 d (baseline d 2, restriction d 2, return d 1, and return d 2). Heifer pairs spent less time eating (16 ± 0.4% mean percentage of 12-h observations ± SE), more time intersucking (27 ± 7 s/12 h), and engaged in longer bouts of intersucking (23 ± 5 s/bout) on Restriction d 2 compared with all other days (eating: 34.7 ± 1.1%, 44.2 ± 0.9%, 35.8 ± 1.1% of 12-h; intersucking time: 7 ± 2, 7 ± 3, 10 ± 5 s/12 h; intersucking bout length: 3 ± 1, 2 ± 1, 3 ± 1 s/bout; Baseline d 2, Return d 1, Return d 2, respectively). There was no difference in the number of bouts of intersucking across days (1.3 ± 0.2 bouts/12 h). The drop in eating during feed restriction was followed by a rebound on Return d 1 before returning to baseline levels. Time spent intersucking did not differ among ad libitum periods. Overall, 90% of the heifers performed intersucking on at least 1 of the 4 d, and did this for 1 to 127 s/12 h (range) in 1 to 13 bouts/12 h. Of the heifers that intersucked, 55% did this at extreme levels relative to the rest of the experimental population (outliers). Solid feed restriction exacerbated intersucking in year-old heifers, but this behavior was widespread.

摘要

限饲是一种用于提高奶牛育成牛饲料效率和控制生长的方法,但也会产生与饥饿和限制采食行为相关的负面后果。其中一种后果可能是互吮(即舔舐或吮吸其他动物的乳头或乳房)。这种行为在育成牛中报道程度不一,因此,我们的首要目标是评估短期(48 小时)限饲是否会增加互吮行为。互吮干预措施,如鼻环,通常应用于特定动物,因此我们的第二个目标是描述个体育成牛的互吮行为,包括那些在该群体中表现为异常值的育成牛。我们研究了 42 头育成牛(9 头泽西牛,33 头荷斯坦牛),年龄为 12.8±1.1 月龄(均值±标准差)。它们被安置在 21 对中,作为我们第一个目标的实验单位。我们使用了折返设计,每个周期持续 2 天,其中育成牛在前两个周期(基础期和恢复期)中自由采食全混合日粮,而在第二个周期(限制期)中则限饲至自由采食的 50%。我们从 0800 到 2000 小时的视频记录中每隔 5 分钟连续记录互吮时间和采食时间,共记录了 4 天(基础期 d2、限制期 d2、恢复期 d1 和恢复期 d2)。与其他所有日子相比,育成牛在限制期 d2 时,互吮时间(27±7 s/12 h)和互吮总时长(23±5 s/互吮)更长,而采食时间(16±0.4%,SE)更短(12 小时观察的平均百分比±SE)(采食:34.7±1.1%、44.2±0.9%、35.8±1.1%;互吮时间:7±2、7±3、10±5 s/12 h;互吮时长:3±1、2±1、3±1 s/互吮)。互吮的次数在不同天数之间没有差异(1.3±0.2 次/12 h)。在限制期结束时,采食减少,随后在恢复期 d1 时出现反弹,然后恢复到基线水平。在自由采食期间,互吮时间没有差异。总体而言,90%的育成牛在 4 天中的至少 1 天表现出互吮行为,在 1 到 127 s/12 h(范围)的 1 到 13 次互吮/12 h 中互吮。在互吮的育成牛中,有 55%的育成牛相对于实验群体的其他育成牛表现出极端的互吮行为(异常值)。固体限饲加剧了育成牛的互吮行为,但这种行为非常普遍。

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