Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; email:
Flødevigen Research Station, Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway.
Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2024 Jan 17;16:247-282. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-042023-093037. Epub 2023 Sep 8.
Marine foundation species are the biotic basis for many of the world's coastal ecosystems, providing structural habitat, food, and protection for myriad plants and animals as well as many ecosystem services. However, climate change poses a significant threat to foundation species and the ecosystems they support. We review the impacts of climate change on common marine foundation species, including corals, kelps, seagrasses, salt marsh plants, mangroves, and bivalves. It is evident that marine foundation species have already been severely impacted by several climate change drivers, often through interactive effects with other human stressors, such as pollution, overfishing, and coastal development. Despite considerable variation in geographical, environmental, and ecological contexts, direct and indirect effects of gradual warming and subsequent heatwaves have emerged as the most pervasive drivers of observed impact and potent threat across all marine foundation species, but effects from sea level rise, ocean acidification, and increased storminess are expected to increase. Documented impacts include changes in the genetic structures, physiology, abundance, and distribution of the foundation species themselves and changes to their interactions with other species, with flow-on effects to associated communities, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. We discuss strategies to support marine foundation species into the Anthropocene, in order to increase their resilience and ensure the persistence of the ecosystem services they provide.
海洋基础物种是世界许多沿海生态系统的生物基础，为无数动植物提供了结构栖息地、食物和保护，以及许多生态系统服务。然而，气候变化对基础物种及其支持的生态系统构成了重大威胁。我们回顾了气候变化对常见海洋基础物种的影响，包括珊瑚、巨藻、海草、盐沼植物、红树林和双壳类动物。显然，海洋基础物种已经受到了几个气候变化驱动因素的严重影响，这些因素常常通过与其他人为压力因素（如污染、过度捕捞和沿海开发）的相互作用而产生影响。尽管在地理、环境和生态背景方面存在相当大的差异，但逐渐变暖以及随后的热浪的直接和间接影响已经成为所有海洋基础物种中观察到的影响和潜在威胁的最普遍驱动因素，但海平面上升、海洋酸化和暴风雨增加的影响预计将会增加。有记录的影响包括基础物种本身的遗传结构、生理学、丰度和分布的变化，以及它们与其他物种相互作用的变化，从而对相关群落、生物多样性和生态系统功能产生连锁效应。我们讨论了支持海洋基础物种进入人类世的策略，以提高它们的恢复力并确保它们提供的生态系统服务的持续存在。
