Exploration of Baicalein-Core Derivatives as Potent Antifungal Agents: SAR and Mechanism Insights.

Baicalein (), the major component of , exhibited potently antifungal activity against drug-resistant , and strong inhibition on biofilm formation. Therefore, a series of baicalein-core derivatives were designed and synthesized to find more potent compounds and investigate structure-activity relationship (SAR) and mode of action (MoA). Results demonstrate that and exert a more potent antifungal effect (MIC = 0.125 μg/mL) than (MIC = 4 μg/mL) when used in combination with fluconazole (FLC), while the MIC of FLC dropped from 128 μg/mL to 1 μg/mL. SAR analysis indicates that the presence of 5-OH is crucial for synergistic antifungal activities, while -dihydroxyls and -trihydroxyls are an essential pharmacophore, whether they are located on the A ring or the B ring of flavonoids. The MoA demonstrated that these compounds exhibited potent antifungal effects by inhibiting hypha formation of . However, sterol composition assay and enzymatic assay conducted in vitro indicated minimal impact of these compounds on sterol biosynthesis and Eno1. These findings were further confirmed by the results of the in-silico assay, which assessed the stability of the complexes. Moreover, the inhibition of hypha of this kind of compound could be attributed to their effect on the catalytic subunit of 1,3-β-d-glucan synthase, 1,3-β-d-glucan-UDP glucosyltransferase and glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol protein, rather than inhibiting ergosterol biosynthesis and Eno1 activity by Induced-Fit Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. This study presents potential antifungal agents with synergistic effects that can effectively inhibit hypha formation. It also provides new insights into the MoA.