DeNicola Michael, Lin Zunhui, Quiñones Oscar, Vanderford Brett, Song Mingrui, Westerhoff Paul, Dickenson Eric, Hanigan David
Graduate Program of Hydrologic Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557-0258, United States of America.
School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States of America.
Sci Total Environ. 2023 Dec 20;905:166971. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166971. Epub 2023 Sep 11.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are anthropogenic chemicals that occur ubiquitously in the environment and have been linked to numerous adverse health effects in humans and aquatic organisms. Although numerous environmental monitoring studies have been conducted, only one has evaluated PFAS in surface waters of the northwestern Great Basin, which features unique topography that results in dozens of endorheic basins and terminal lakes with no natural outlet, where PFAS may accumulate. To close this knowledge gap, we evaluated the occurrence of PFAS in grab samples from 15 lakes (headwater and terminal lakes) and 10 rivers in the Great Basin located in Nevada and California of the United States. PFAS and organofluorine were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS) and combustion ion chromatography, respectively. The highest concentrations of PFAS occurred in samples taken near sites with known or suspected prior aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) application (20 to 4754 ng/L). Samples near wastewater treatment plants and in urban areas also tended to have PFAS concentrations greater than those measured in remote, less anthropogenically influenced areas (2 to 15 ng/L, <3 ng/L respectively). In limited snapshot sampling events PFAS appeared to accumulate in terminal lakes to some extent; in-lake concentrations were two to five times greater than those of their inflows. Fluorotelomer sulfonates were present downstream of a known AFFF application area likely to have had fluorotelomer-based foams applied to it, and the concentrations decayed in a predictable manner, suggesting they may be used as an indicator of PFAS transport away from an AFFF source. In all but two samples, organofluorine concentrations were greater than the sum of targeted PFAS (on a F basis) (median of 0.6 % of organofluorine identified via LC-MS/MS), although there was considerable variability in organofluorine measured in replicate samples.
全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）是人为产生的化学物质，在环境中普遍存在，并与人类和水生生物的众多不良健康影响有关。尽管已经进行了大量的环境监测研究，但只有一项研究评估了大盆地西北部地表水的PFAS情况，该地区地形独特，形成了数十个没有天然出水口的内流盆地和终点湖，PFAS可能在这些地方积聚。为了填补这一知识空白，我们评估了美国内华达州和加利福尼亚州大盆地15个湖泊（源头湖和终点湖）和10条河流的抓取样本中PFAS的存在情况。分别通过液相色谱串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）和燃烧离子色谱法对PFAS和有机氟进行了定量分析。PFAS的最高浓度出现在已知或疑似先前使用水成膜泡沫（AFFF）的地点附近采集的样本中（约2至4754纳克/升）。废水处理厂附近和城市地区的样本中PFAS浓度也往往高于在偏远、受人为影响较小地区测得的浓度（分别约为2至15纳克/升、<3纳克/升）。在有限的快速采样事件中，PFAS似乎在终点湖中有一定程度的积聚；湖内浓度比其入流浓度高两到五倍。氟调聚物磺酸盐存在于一个已知的AFFF应用区域下游，该区域可能使用过基于氟调聚物的泡沫，其浓度以可预测的方式衰减，这表明它们可作为PFAS从AFFF源迁移的指标。除两个样本外，在所有样本中，有机氟浓度均高于目标PFAS总和（以氟计）（通过LC-MS/MS鉴定的有机氟中位数为0.6%），尽管重复样本中测得的有机氟存在相当大的变异性。
