Anemia in female adolescents at Karanganyar regency: A cross-sectional study associated with polymorphism of duodenal cytochrome B gene and daily consumptions of fruits and vegetables.

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of anemia in female adolescents increases every year. A duodenal Cytochrome B (1) enzyme is involved in the regulation of iron metabolism. G797A gene polymorphism of the 1 reduces nonheme iron transport into the enterocytes, which was mediated by the divalent metal transporter 1 protein. Daily consumption of fruits and vegetables has been recommended for the prevention of non- communicable diseases, including anemia.

AIM

This study aimed to analyze the association of 1 polymorphism and daily consumption of fruits and vegetables with anemia in female adolescents in the Karanganyar regency.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study recruited 233 female students in 6 senior and vocational high schools in Karanganyar regency, which were selected using purposive sampling. Data on fruit and vegetable consumption were collected using Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ). Polymorphism of the G797A 1 gene was determined using the amplification refractory mutation system polymerase chain reaction. All collected data were analyzed using chi-square and multiple logistic regression tests with  < 0.05.

RESULTS

Anemia was found in 13.73% of female students. Inadequate intakes of fruits and vegetables were found in 63.09 and 51.07% of female students, respectively. The AA genotype (OR =  5.779; 95%CI: 0.974-34.289;  = 0.053), inadequate fruit consumption (OR = 1.497; 95%CI: 0.603-3.718;  = 0.133), and inadequate vegetable consumption (OR =  11.99; 95%CI: 3.457-41.586;  < 0.001) increased higher risk of anemia, compared with their counterparts.

CONCLUSIONS

G797A 1 gene polymorphism and daily consumption of vegetables increase the risk of anemia but not for daily consumption of fruits in female adolescents in the Karanganyar regency.