Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA,
Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA.
J Avian Med Surg. 2023 Sep;37(2):118-131. doi: 10.1647/22-00035.
Snakebite envenoming in avian species is infrequently reported in the veterinary literature, although perhaps not as rarely as recent publications suggest. A systematic scoping review was performed on the topic using PubMed and Google Scholar, 21 veterinary textbooks, and 139 conference proceedings. A practitioner experience survey was also performed, with recruitment from Facebook groups for exotic animal practitioners and professional organization email listservs. Only 31 texts met our inclusion/exclusion criteria, which meant they described clinicopathologic signs of snakebite envenomation in avian species, the treatment of snakebite envenomation in avian species, or expanded the geographic range or the number of captive avian and snake species involved. Reports included approximately 15-20 different species of both snakes and birds worldwide; however, no reports described clinicopathologic signs of naturally occurring snakebites from Asia, Australasia, or Europe. The few responses from our practitioner experience survey suggest that snakebite envenomation may be more common than previously reported. Clinical signs of snake envenomation in birds appear to depend on the snake species involved but often include local swelling and subcutaneous edema or hemorrhage with paired fang marks; weakness, bleeding, neurologic deficits, and death may follow. A wide variety of treatment protocols have been used to counter snakebite envenomation in birds, including the successful use of antivenom. Based on this body of evidence, much remains to be learned about snakebite envenomation of birds, particularly about the efficacy of different treatment protocols.
鸟类的蛇咬伤中毒在兽医文献中报道较少，尽管最近的出版物表明，这种情况可能并不罕见。我们使用 PubMed 和 Google Scholar、21 本兽医教科书和 139 次会议论文集对该主题进行了系统的范围审查。我们还进行了从业者经验调查，从外来动物从业者的 Facebook 群组和专业组织的电子邮件列表中招募了参与者。只有 31 篇文本符合我们的纳入/排除标准，这意味着它们描述了鸟类的蛇咬伤中毒的临床病理迹象、鸟类的蛇咬伤中毒的治疗方法，或扩大了涉及的圈养鸟类和蛇类的地理范围或数量。报告包括全球约 15-20 种不同的蛇和鸟类；然而，没有报告描述来自亚洲、澳大拉西亚或欧洲的自然发生的蛇咬伤的临床病理迹象。我们从业者经验调查的少数回复表明，蛇咬伤中毒的情况可能比以前报告的更常见。鸟类的蛇咬伤中毒的临床症状似乎取决于涉及的蛇种，但通常包括局部肿胀和皮下水肿或出血，伴有成对的毒牙痕迹；虚弱、出血、神经功能缺陷和死亡可能随后发生。已使用多种治疗方案来对抗鸟类的蛇咬伤中毒，包括成功使用抗蛇毒血清。基于这一证据，鸟类的蛇咬伤中毒仍有许多需要了解的地方，特别是关于不同治疗方案的疗效。
