The Upf1 protein restricts EV-A71 viral replication.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is transmitted through the respiratory tract, gastrointestinal system, and fecal-oral routes. The main symptoms caused by EV-A71 are hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) or vesicular sore throat. Upf1 (Up-frameshift protein 1) was reported to degrade mRNA containing early stop codons, known as nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Upf1 is also involved in the NMD mechanism as a host factor detrimental to viral replication. In this study, we dissected the potential roles of Upf1 in the EV-A71-infected cells. Upf1 was virulently down-regulated in three different EV-A71-infected cells, RD, Hela, and 293T, implying that Upf1 is a host protein unfavorable for EV-A71 replication. Knockdown of Upf1 protein resulted in increased viral RNA expression and production of progeny virus, and conversely, overexpression of Upf1 protein resulted in decreased viral RNA expression and production of progeny virus. Importantly, we observed increased RNA levels of asparagine synthetase (ASNS), one of the indicator substrates for the NMD mechanism, which indirectly suggests that EV-A71 infection of cells suppresses NMD activity in the host. The results shown in this study are useful for subsequent analysis of the relationship between the NMD/Upf1 mechanism and other picornaviruses, which may lead to the development of anti-picornavirus drugs.