Myosin-binding protein C forms C-links and stabilizes OFF states of myosin.

Contraction force in muscle is produced by the interaction of myosin motors in the thick filaments and actin in the thin filaments and is fine-tuned by other proteins such as myosin-binding protein C (MyBP-C). One form of control is through the regulation of myosin heads between an ON and OFF state in passive sarcomeres, which leads to their ability or inability to interact with the thin filaments during contraction, respectively. MyBP-C is a flexible and long protein that is tightly bound to the thick filament at its C-terminal end but may be loosely bound at its middle- and N-terminal end (MyBP-C). Under considerable debate is whether the MyBP-C domains directly regulate myosin head ON/OFF states, and/or link thin filaments ("C-links"). Here, we used a combination of mechanics and small-angle X-ray diffraction to study the immediate and selective removal of the MyBP-C domains of fast MyBP-C in permeabilized skeletal muscle. After cleavage, the thin filaments were significantly shorter, a result consistent with direct interactions of MyBP-C with thin filaments thus confirming C-links. Ca sensitivity was reduced at shorter sarcomere lengths, and crossbridge kinetics were increased across sarcomere lengths at submaximal activation levels, demonstrating a role in crossbridge kinetics. Structural signatures of the thick filaments suggest that cleavage also shifted myosin heads towards the ON state - a marker that typically indicates increased Ca sensitivity but that may account for increased crossbridge kinetics at submaximal Ca and/or a change in the force transmission pathway. Taken together, we conclude that MyBP-C domains play an important role in contractile performance which helps explain why mutations in these domains often lead to debilitating diseases.