A scoping review of existing research between 1990 and 2023: Measuring virtual communities of practice across disciplines.

Virtual communities of practice (VCoPs) can decrease social, structural, and professional isolation, provide opportunities for knowledge-sharing abilities, and may improve participants' self-reported sense of connectedness to one another and their profession. However, more research is needed to examine measurement of VCoPs effectiveness on participants. In this scoping review our research question was: What is the state of the science for VCoPs and how are these communities measured in current research specific to education and health/health education? Guided by Arksey and O'Malley's five stages for conducting a rigorous scoping review, we identified gaps in the evidence regarding the overall state of the science on measurement of VCoPs inclusive of quantitative and mixed-methods literature describing validated VCoP measurement in both English or Spanish from January 1990 to July 2023, and within the health, education, or health education disciplines. Initial searches yielded 2350 articles. Authors independently screened papers and extracted data. The results of this scoping review (N = 13 articles) highlight the measurement of VCoPs specific to education, healthcare, health education research. We found that measures had been tested in VCoPs within health, education, health education, and professional education information technologies disciplines, with the Community of Inquiry framework being the most common theoretical foundation. The findings provide an understanding of measurement tools and impacts and outcomes of VCoP participation and we make recommendations for future VCoP measurement tool development.