García-Delgado Carlos, Delgado-Moreno Laura, Toro Marta, Puñal Marcos, Martín-Trueba María, Eymar Enrique, Ruíz Ana I
Department of Geology and Geochemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
Chemosphere. 2023 Dec;344:140364. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140364. Epub 2023 Oct 3.
The fate of the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole in amended soils remains unclear, moreover in basic soils. This work aimed to assess the adsorption, leaching, and biodegradation of sulfamethoxazole in unamended and biochar from holm oak pruning (BC)- and green compost from urban pruning (CG)-amended basic soil. Adsorption properties of the organic amendments and soil were determined by adsorption isotherms of sulfamethoxazole. The leachability of this antibiotic from unamended (Soil) and BC- (Soil + BC) and GC- (Soil + GC) amended soil was determined by leaching columns using water as solvent up to 250 mL. Finally, Soil, Soil + BC, and Soil + GC were spiked with sulfamethoxazole and incubated for 42 days. The degradation rate and microbial activity were periodically monitored. Adsorption isotherms showed poor adsorption of sulfamethoxazole in unamended basic soil. BC and CG showed good adsorption capacity. Soil + BC and Soil + GC increased the sulfamethoxazole adsorption capacity of the soil. The low sulfamethoxazole adsorption of Soil produced quick and intense sulfamethoxazole leaching. Soil + BC reduced the sulfamethoxazole leaching, unlike to Soil + GC which enhanced it concerning Soil. The pH of adsorption isotherms and leachates indicate that the anion of sulfamethoxazole was the major specie in unamended and amended soil. CG enhanced the microbial activity of the soil and promoted the degradability of sulfamethoxazole. In contrast, the high adsorption and low biostimulation effect of BC in soil reduced the degradation of sulfamethoxazole. The half-life of sulfamethoxazole was 2.6, 6.9, and 11.9 days for Soil + GC, Soil, and Soil + BC, respectively. This work shows the benefits and risks of two organic amendments, BC and GC, for the environmental fate of sulfamethoxazole. The different nature of the organic carbon of the amendments was responsible for the different effects on the soil.
抗生素磺胺甲恶唑在改良土壤中的归宿尚不清楚，在碱性土壤中更是如此。本研究旨在评估磺胺甲恶唑在未改良的、添加了圣栎修剪生物炭（BC）和城市修剪绿色堆肥（CG）的碱性土壤中的吸附、淋溶和生物降解情况。通过磺胺甲恶唑的吸附等温线测定有机改良剂和土壤的吸附特性。使用水作为溶剂，通过淋溶柱测定该抗生素在未改良土壤（土壤）、添加BC的土壤（土壤+BC）和添加GC的土壤（土壤+GC）中的淋溶性，淋溶量最高可达250毫升。最后，向土壤、土壤+BC和土壤+GC中添加磺胺甲恶唑并培养42天。定期监测降解速率和微生物活性。吸附等温线表明，磺胺甲恶唑在未改良的碱性土壤中吸附性较差。BC和CG表现出良好的吸附能力。土壤+BC和土壤+GC提高了土壤对磺胺甲恶唑的吸附能力。土壤对磺胺甲恶唑的低吸附导致磺胺甲恶唑快速且大量淋溶。与土壤+GC相比，土壤+BC减少了磺胺甲恶唑的淋溶，而土壤+GC相对于土壤增强了其淋溶。吸附等温线和淋滤液的pH值表明，磺胺甲恶唑的阴离子是未改良和改良土壤中的主要存在形式。CG增强了土壤的微生物活性并促进了磺胺甲恶唑的降解。相比之下，BC在土壤中的高吸附性和低生物刺激作用降低了磺胺甲恶唑的降解。磺胺甲恶唑在土壤+GC、土壤和土壤+BC中的半衰期分别为2.6天、6.9天和11.9天。本研究表明了BC和GC这两种有机改良剂对磺胺甲恶唑环境归宿的益处和风险。改良剂有机碳的不同性质导致了对土壤的不同影响。
