Kazembeigi Farogh, Bayad Solmaz, Yousefi Nasab Ahmad, Doraghi Marziye, Parseh Iman
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Student Research Committee, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran.
Heliyon. 2023 Sep 3;9(9):e19764. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19764. eCollection 2023 Sep.
Carwash wastewater (CWW) is an important source of environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of CWW and technical comparison of its treatment methods. For this purpose, a systematic search was conducted and after three stages of screening the found articles, finally 30 articles were selected for this review. The results showed that due to the differences in the type of washing, the geological condition, the type of car, and the climatic conditions, the CWWs have temporal and spatial variation in the concentration of pollutants. However, the most important pollutants of CWW include oil, suspended solids, detergents, and organic compounds. The most widely used methods in CWW treatment in the main stages included chemical coagulation and electrocoagulation, which reduce turbidity by more than 90% and COD by more than 50% in the best efficiency. Also, membrane technology was a common method in CWW treatment systems to achieve proper effluent quality. COD reduction by ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, microfiltration, and reverse osmosis was 95-77%, more than 90%, 81-73%, and 87%, respectively. The efficiency of membrane technologies in reducing turbidity was often more than 90% and in few cases more than 50%. Sludge production in the coagulation process, energy consumption in electrochemical processes, and the low water recovery rate in membrane processes are important challenges in CWW treatment that must be managed by modifying the process or using combined methods.
洗车废水（CWW）是环境污染的一个重要来源。本研究的目的是调查洗车废水的特性及其处理方法的技术比较。为此，进行了系统的检索，在对检索到的文章进行三个阶段的筛选后，最终选择了30篇文章进行本综述。结果表明，由于洗车类型、地质条件、汽车类型和气候条件的差异，洗车废水的污染物浓度存在时空变化。然而，洗车废水最重要的污染物包括油、悬浮固体、洗涤剂和有机化合物。在主要阶段，洗车废水处理中最广泛使用的方法包括化学混凝和电凝聚，在最佳效率下，它们可使浊度降低90%以上，化学需氧量（COD）降低50%以上。此外，膜技术是洗车废水处理系统中实现良好出水水质的常用方法。超滤、纳滤、微滤和反渗透对COD的去除率分别为95%-77%、90%以上、81%-73%和87%。膜技术在降低浊度方面的效率通常超过90%，在少数情况下超过50%。混凝过程中的污泥产量、电化学过程中的能源消耗以及膜过程中的低水回收率是洗车废水处理中的重要挑战，必须通过改进工艺或采用组合方法来加以解决。
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