Stubblefield J W, Charnov E L
Heredity (Edinb). 1986 Oct;57 ( Pt 2):181-7. doi: 10.1038/hdy.1986.108.
Certain issues arising in connection with the evolutionary origins of eusociality are discussed. Previous results about when natural selection favours helping behaviour are generlised, and the differing viewpoints of both parents and offspring are considered. Particular attention is given to the evolutionary implications of different patterns of overlapping generations observed in bivoltine insects. As argued by Seger (1983), these patterns imply different conditions under which a daughter is selected to help her mother rear additional siblings in haplodiploid populations. Other factors that can alter the selective advantages of helping behaviour under haplodiploidy are also discussed, including the possibility of sex ratio manipulation and the novel result that helping behaviour may be locally favoured in populations that are spatially patchy with respect to sex-specific fitness. A new hypothesis is also presented: The fact that sisters are selected to aid their mother to parasitise other sisters may have played an important role in the origins of eusociality. A given offspring benefits from having maternally parasitised siblings because such siblings rear additional siblings (to which the given offspring is more closely related) instead of nieces and nephews. Finally, the importance of haploidiploidy in the origins of eusociality is discounted; the virtually unique biology of aculeate Hymenoptera would seem to be of much greater importance.
本文讨论了与群居昆虫进化起源相关的一些问题。之前关于自然选择何时有利于利他行为的研究结果得到了推广，并考虑了亲代和子代的不同观点。特别关注了双化性昆虫中观察到的不同世代重叠模式的进化意义。正如塞格尔（1983年）所指出的，这些模式意味着在单倍体二倍体群体中，女儿被选择帮助母亲养育更多兄弟姐妹的不同条件。本文还讨论了其他可能改变单倍体二倍体条件下利他行为选择优势的因素，包括性别比例操纵的可能性，以及在性别特异性适合度方面空间分布不均的群体中利他行为可能在局部受到青睐的新结果。本文还提出了一个新的假设：姐妹被选择帮助母亲寄生其他姐妹这一事实，可能在群居昆虫的起源中起到了重要作用。一个特定的后代会从有被母亲寄生的兄弟姐妹中受益，因为这些兄弟姐妹会养育更多的兄弟姐妹（特定后代与这些兄弟姐妹的亲缘关系更近），而不是侄女和侄子。最后，本文认为单倍体二倍体在群居昆虫起源中的重要性不大；针尾部膜翅目昆虫几乎独一无二的生物学特性似乎更为重要。
