Discovery of 7-Azanorbornane-Based Dual Agonists for the Delta and Kappa Opioid Receptors through an In Situ Screening Protocol.

In medicinal chemistry, the copper-catalyzed click reaction is used to prepare ligand candidates. This reaction is so clean that the bioactivities of the products can be determined without purification. Despite the advantages of this in situ screening protocol, the applicability of this method for transmembrane proteins has not been validated due to the incompatibility with copper catalysts. To address this point, we performed ligand screening for the µ, δ, and κ opioid receptors using this protocol. As we had previously reported the 7-azanorbornane skeleton as a privileged scaffold for the G protein-coupled receptors, we performed the click reactions between various 7-substituted 2-ethynyl-7-azanorbornanes and azides. Screening assays were performed without purification using the CellKey system, and the putative hit compounds were re-synthesized and re-evaluated. Although the "hit" compounds for the µ and the δ receptors were totally inactive after purifications, three of the four "hits" for the κ receptor were true agonists for this receptor and also showed activities for the δ receptor. Although false positive/negative results exist as in other screening projects for soluble proteins, this in situ method is effective in identifying novel ligands for transmembrane proteins.