Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China.
Poult Sci. 2023 Dec;102(12):103136. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103136. Epub 2023 Sep 22.
High ambient temperature is a major environmental stressor affecting poultry production, especially in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Nutritional interventions have been adopted to combat thermal stress in poultry, including the use of amino acids. L-citrulline is a nonessential amino acid that is involved in nitric oxide generation and thermoregulation, however, the molecular mechanisms behind L-citrulline's regulation of body temperature are still unascertained. This study investigated the global gene expression in the hypothalamus of chickens fed either basal diet or L-citrulline-supplemented diets under different housing temperatures. Ross 308 broilers were fed with basal diet (CON) or 1% L-citrulline diet (LCT) from day-old, and later subjected to 2 environmental temperatures in a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement as follows; basal diet-fed chickens housed at 24°C (CON-TN); L-citrulline diet-fed chickens housed at 24°C (LCT-TN); basal diet-fed chickens housed at 35°C (CON-HS), and L-citrulline diet-fed chickens housed at 35°C (LCT-HS) from 22 to 42 d of age. At 42-days old, hypothalamic tissues were collected for mRNA analyses and RNA sequencing. A total of 1,019 million raw reads were generated and about 82.59 to 82.96% were uniquely mapped to genes. The gene ontology (GO) term between the CON-TN and LCT-TN groups revealed significant enrichments of pathways such as central nervous system development, and Wnt signaling pathway. On the other hand, GO terms between the CON-HS and LCT-HS groups revealed enrichments in the regulation of corticosteroid release, regulation of feeding behavior, and regulation of inflammatory response. Several potential candidate genes were identified to be responsible for central nervous system development (EMX2, WFIKKN2, SLC6A4 Wnt10a, and PHOX2B), and regulation of feed intake (NPY, AgRP, GAL, POMC, and NMU) in chickens. Therefore, this study unveils that L-citrulline can influence transcripts associated with brain development, feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and thermoregulation in chickens raised under different ambient temperatures.
高温是影响家禽生产的主要环境应激因素，特别是在世界的热带和亚热带地区。营养干预措施已被采用来对抗家禽的热应激，包括使用氨基酸。L-瓜氨酸是一种非必需氨基酸，参与一氧化氮的生成和体温调节，但 L-瓜氨酸调节体温的分子机制仍未确定。本研究调查了在不同饲养温度下，给以基础日粮或 L-瓜氨酸日粮的鸡的下丘脑的全球基因表达。罗斯 308 肉鸡从 1 日龄开始给予基础日粮（CON）或 1% L-瓜氨酸日粮（LCT），然后在 2×2 析因设计的 2 种环境温度下进行处理，如下所示：基础日粮饲养的鸡在 24°C（CON-TN）下饲养；L-瓜氨酸日粮饲养的鸡在 24°C（LCT-TN）下饲养；基础日粮饲养的鸡在 35°C（CON-HS）下饲养，L-瓜氨酸日粮饲养的鸡在 35°C（LCT-HS）下饲养从 22 到 42 天。在 42 天龄时，采集下丘脑组织进行 mRNA 分析和 RNA 测序。共生成 10.19 亿个原始读数，约 82.59%到 82.96%唯一映射到基因。CON-TN 和 LCT-TN 组之间的基因本体（GO）术语揭示了中枢神经系统发育和 Wnt 信号通路等途径的显著富集。另一方面，CON-HS 和 LCT-HS 组之间的 GO 术语揭示了皮质酮释放调节、摄食行为调节和炎症反应调节的富集。鉴定出几个潜在的候选基因负责中枢神经系统发育（EMX2、WFIKKN2、SLC6A4 Wnt10a 和 PHOX2B）和鸡的摄食行为调节（NPY、AgRP、GAL、POMC 和 NMU）。因此，本研究揭示了 L-瓜氨酸可以影响在不同环境温度下饲养的鸡的与大脑发育、摄食行为、能量代谢和体温调节相关的转录物。
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