Department of Finance, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia.
PeerJ. 2023 Oct 12;11:e16281. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16281. eCollection 2023.
Natural resource rents (NRRs) may determine the environment and economic growth of the GCC countries due to their over-reliance on the natural resource sector. NRRs are the source of income in resource-abundant GCC countries. So, increasing income of these countries could pollute the environment by increasing overall economic activities. Consequently, NRRs could determine carbon productivity in the GCC region through increasing income and carbon emissions.
The effects of trade openness (TO), foreign direct investment (FDI), urbanization, and oil and natural gas rents on carbon productivity (CP) are examined in the GCC region from 1980-2021 using the spatial Durbin model.
The CP of the GCC countries has spillovers in their neighboring countries. Oil rent reduces carbon productivity in domestic economies and the entire GCC region. Natural gas rent, TO, and FDI increase, and urbanization reduces carbon productivity in neighboring economies and the entire GCC region. Moreover, urbanization reduces carbon productivity in domestic economies as well. The study recommends the GCC countries to reduce reliance on oil rent and increase globalization in terms of TO and FDI in the region to promote carbon productivity. Moreover, GCC countries should also focus more on natural gas rent instead of oil rent to raise carbon productivity.
由于过度依赖自然资源部门，自然资源租金（NRR）可能会决定 GCC 国家的环境和经济增长。NRR 是资源丰富的 GCC 国家的收入来源。因此，这些国家的收入增加可能会通过增加整体经济活动来污染环境。因此，NRR 可以通过增加收入和碳排放来决定 GCC 地区的碳生产力。
本研究使用空间杜宾模型，考察了 1980-2021 年 GCC 地区贸易开放度（TO）、外国直接投资（FDI）、城市化以及石油和天然气租金对碳生产力（CP）的影响。
GCC 国家的 CP 在其邻国具有溢出效应。石油租金降低了国内经济和整个 GCC 地区的碳生产力。天然气租金、TO 和 FDI 增加，而城市化则降低了邻国经济和整个 GCC 地区的碳生产力。此外，城市化也降低了国内经济的碳生产力。研究建议 GCC 国家减少对石油租金的依赖，并在该地区增加贸易开放度和外国直接投资的全球化，以促进碳生产力。此外，GCC 国家还应更加关注天然气租金，而不是石油租金，以提高碳生产力。
