Neuroscience Center, King Fahad Specialist Hospital Dammam, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2024;23(8):1030-1039. doi: 10.2174/0118715273249412231010171926.
Apraxia can be detected when engaging in mental motor envisioning exercises. The nonverbal skills of manufacturing, representation, strategizing, arithmetic, visual sensitivity, and motor skills are all related to apraxia. Limb apraxia also negatively affects communication gestures and linguistic skills. The impairment of brain regions related to motion patterns is the primary cause of apraxia. People with apraxia may struggle to complete a variety of tasks because they are unable to focus on various movements. Apraxia can result from injury to the premotor cortex since it has a role in the left hemisphere-dependent selection of movements. Cognitive and complicated motor system deficits are hallmarks of the corticobasal syndrome. Apraxia of the limbs and visuospatial abnormalities are typical clinical types. TMS was used to study these problems; however, no research was done on the relationship between TMS parameters and clinical types. It is possible for changes in brain activity to last a long time when repetitive TMS (rTMS) is utilized. Electromyography shows that noninvasive TMS of the motor cortex causes target muscle spasms (MEP). The human motor cortex is a part of the cerebral cortex that is involved in the organization, management, and execution of voluntary movements. TMS and other neuroimaging techniques are frequently used to identify changes in this region. Cortical motor excitability varies among different diagnoses; therefore, it is important to determine the effectiveness of TMS. Therefore, this study aims to review the causes and neurophysiological simulation of apraxia along with the principles and effects of TMS on apraxia.
失用症可以在进行心理运动想象练习时被检测到。制造、表现、策划、算术、视觉灵敏度和运动技能等非言语技能都与失用症有关。肢体失用症也会对沟通手势和语言技能产生负面影响。与运动模式相关的大脑区域的损伤是失用症的主要原因。失用症患者可能难以完成各种任务，因为他们无法专注于各种动作。由于运动皮层在左半球依赖的运动选择中起作用，因此与运动皮层相关的损伤可能导致失用症。认知和复杂运动系统缺陷是皮质基底节综合征的特征。肢体失用症和视空间异常是典型的临床类型。TMS 被用于研究这些问题；然而，关于 TMS 参数与临床类型之间的关系的研究尚未进行。当使用重复经颅磁刺激 (rTMS) 时，大脑活动的变化可能会持续很长时间。肌电图显示，对运动皮层进行非侵入性 TMS 会引起目标肌肉痉挛 (MEP)。人类运动皮层是大脑皮层的一部分，参与组织、管理和执行随意运动。TMS 和其他神经影像学技术经常用于识别该区域的变化。不同诊断之间的皮质运动兴奋性存在差异；因此，确定 TMS 的有效性非常重要。因此，本研究旨在回顾失用症的病因和神经生理学模拟，以及 TMS 对失用症的原理和影响。
