School of Ecology and Environment, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2023 Nov;30(53):113138-113150. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-30312-2. Epub 2023 Oct 18.
Although veterinary antibiotics are essential in preventing and treating clinical diseases in cattle, the frequent use of antibiotics leads to antibiotic residues in milk and dairy products, consequently threatening human health. The massive milk consumption makes it necessary to assess antibiotic pollution and health impact comprehensively. Hence, we conducted a systematic review to evaluate antibiotics in milk and dairy products and their potential health risk. We searched four databases using multiple keyword combinations to retrieve 1582 pieces of literature and finally included eighteen articles to analyze antibiotic residues in milk and dairy products. These studies detected seven antibiotics in different regions of China. Quinolones and β-lactam antibiotics exceeded the MRL for raw and commercial milk. The maximum levels of sulfonamides and tetracyclines were detected in the same raw milk sample, exceeding the MRL. The estimated THQ and HI values in milk and dairy products are less than 1 for adults, indicating negligible noncarcinogenic health risk of antibiotics through consuming milk and dairy products. Children face higher health risks than adults, with the HI and THQ of quinolones exceeding 1. It is worth noting that quinolones accounted for nearly 89% of health risks associated with all antibiotics. Finally, we put forward possible research directions in the future, such as specific health effects of total dietary exposure to low levels of antibiotics. In addition, policymakers should effectively improve this problem from the perspectives of antibiotic use supervision, antibiotic residue analysis in food, and continuous environmental monitoring and control.
尽管兽医抗生素对于预防和治疗牛的临床疾病至关重要，但抗生素的频繁使用导致了牛奶和乳制品中的抗生素残留，从而威胁到人类健康。大量的牛奶消费使得全面评估抗生素污染和健康影响变得必要。因此，我们进行了一项系统评价，以评估牛奶和乳制品中的抗生素及其潜在的健康风险。我们使用多个关键词组合在四个数据库中进行了搜索，共检索到 1582 篇文献，最终纳入了 18 篇分析牛奶和乳制品中抗生素残留的文章。这些研究在中国不同地区检测到了七种抗生素。喹诺酮类和β-内酰胺类抗生素超过了生奶和商品奶的 MRL。磺胺类和四环素类的最高水平在同一样本的生奶中被检测到，超过了 MRL。牛奶和乳制品中估计的 THQ 和 HI 值对于成年人均小于 1，表明通过食用牛奶和乳制品，抗生素的非致癌健康风险可忽略不计。儿童比成年人面临更高的健康风险，喹诺酮类的 HI 和 THQ 超过了 1。值得注意的是，喹诺酮类抗生素占所有抗生素相关健康风险的近 89%。最后，我们提出了未来可能的研究方向，如总膳食暴露于低水平抗生素的特定健康影响。此外，政策制定者应从抗生素使用监管、食品中抗生素残留分析以及持续的环境监测和控制等方面有效改善这一问题。
