Wang Tianchen, He Tao, Chai Mengqi, Zhang Liyan, Han Xiangshu, Jiang Song
College of Animal Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, China.
Vet Sci. 2025 Jul 28;12(8):707. doi: 10.3390/vetsci12080707.
As the primary biological risk threatening safe dairy production, bovine mastitis control highly relies on environmental disinfection measures. However, the mechanisms by which chemical disinfectants influence host-environment microbial interactions remain unclear. This study systematically investigated the disinfection efficacy and regulatory effects on microbial community composition and diversity of glutaraldehyde-benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and glutaraldehyde-didecyl dimethyl ammonium bromide (DAB) at recommended concentrations (2-5%), using 80 environmental samples from intensive dairy farms in Xinjiang, China. Combining 16S rDNA sequencing with culturomics, the results showed that BAC achieved a disinfection rate of 99.33%, higher than DAB's 97.87%, and reduced the environment-gut microbiota similarity index by 23.7% via a cationic bacteriostatic film effect. Microbiome analysis revealed that BAC selectively suppressed Fusobacteriota abundance (15.67% reduction) and promoted Bifidobacterium proliferation (7.42% increase), enhancing intestinal mucosal barrier function through butyrate metabolism. In contrast, DAB induced Actinobacteria enrichment in the environment (44.71%), inhibiting pathogen colonization via bioantagonism. BAC's long-acting bacteriostatic properties significantly reduced disinfection costs and mastitis incidence. This study first elucidated the mechanism by which quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) disinfectants regulate host health through "environment-gut" microbial interactions, providing a critical theoretical basis for developing precision disinfection protocols integrating "cost reduction-efficiency enhancement-risk mitigation."
作为威胁安全乳制品生产的主要生物风险，奶牛乳腺炎的防控高度依赖环境消毒措施。然而，化学消毒剂影响宿主 - 环境微生物相互作用的机制尚不清楚。本研究使用来自中国新疆集约化奶牛场的80份环境样本，系统地研究了推荐浓度（2 - 5%）的戊二醛 - 苯扎氯铵（BAC）和戊二醛 - 二癸基二甲基溴化铵（DAB）的消毒效果及其对微生物群落组成和多样性的调节作用。结合16S rDNA测序与培养组学，结果表明，BAC的消毒率达到99.33%，高于DAB的97.87%，并通过阳离子抑菌膜效应使环境 - 肠道微生物群相似性指数降低了23.7%。微生物组分析显示，BAC选择性地抑制了梭杆菌门丰度（降低15.67%）并促进了双歧杆菌增殖（增加7.42%），通过丁酸代谢增强肠道黏膜屏障功能。相比之下，DAB诱导环境中放线菌门富集（44.71%），通过生物拮抗作用抑制病原体定植。BAC的长效抑菌特性显著降低了消毒成本和乳腺炎发病率。本研究首次阐明了季铵化合物（QAC）消毒剂通过“环境 - 肠道”微生物相互作用调节宿主健康的机制，为制定整合“降低成本 - 提高效率 - 降低风险”的精准消毒方案提供了关键理论依据。
