Boyd M E, Usher R H, McLean F H, Norman B E
Obstet Gynecol. 1986 Dec;68(6):779-83.
Among 53 cases of failed forceps occurring in 6524 uncomplicated primiparous deliveries, depression at birth and encephalopathy occurred with similar frequency as when cesarean section was done for failure to progress in the second stage, and birth trauma was no more common than that with successful midforceps delivery. Factors predisposing to or associated with midforceps deliveries or second stage cesarean sections were short mothers, heavy babies, induced or prolonged labors, and fetal distress or meconium release in labor.
在6524例无并发症的初产妇分娩中发生了53例产钳助产失败，出生时抑郁和脑病的发生率与第二产程进展不顺利而行剖宫产时相似，且产伤并不比低位产钳助产成功时更常见。导致中位产钳助产或第二产程剖宫产的易患因素或相关因素包括母亲身材矮小、婴儿体重过重、引产或产程延长以及分娩时胎儿窘迫或胎粪排出。
