Clausmeyer Lena, Fröhlich Florian
Department of Biology/Chemistry, Bioanalytical Chemistry Section, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.
Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics Osnabrück (CellNanOs), Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany.
Contact (Thousand Oaks). 2023 Oct 17;6:25152564231208250. doi: 10.1177/25152564231208250. eCollection 2023 Jan-Dec.
Ceramides, as key components of cellular membranes, play essential roles in various cellular processes, including apoptosis, cell proliferation, and cell signaling. Ceramides are the precursors of all complex sphingolipids in eukaryotic cells. They are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and are further processed at the Golgi apparatus. Therefore, ceramides have to be transported between these two organelles. In mammalian cells, the ceramide transfer protein forms a contact site between the ER and the trans-Golgi region and transports ceramide utilizing its steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer domain. In yeast, multiple mechanisms of nonvesicular ceramide transport have been described. This involves the nuclear-vacuolar junction protein Nvj2, the yeast tricalbin proteins, and the lipocalin-like protein Svf1. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of nonvesicular ceramide transport mechanisms and their relevance in cellular physiology. We will highlight the physiological and pathological consequences of perturbations in nonvesicular ceramide transport and discuss future challenges in identifying and analyzing ceramide transfer proteins.
神经酰胺作为细胞膜的关键组成部分，在各种细胞过程中发挥着重要作用，包括细胞凋亡、细胞增殖和细胞信号传导。神经酰胺是真核细胞中所有复杂鞘脂的前体。它们在内质网中合成，并在高尔基体中进一步加工。因此，神经酰胺必须在这两个细胞器之间运输。在哺乳动物细胞中，神经酰胺转移蛋白在内质网和反式高尔基体区域之间形成一个接触位点，并利用其类固醇生成急性调节蛋白相关的脂质转移结构域运输神经酰胺。在酵母中，已经描述了多种非囊泡性神经酰胺运输机制。这涉及核-液泡连接蛋白Nvj2、酵母三聚体蛋白和类脂质运载蛋白Svf1。本综述旨在全面概述非囊泡性神经酰胺运输机制及其在细胞生理学中的相关性。我们将强调非囊泡性神经酰胺运输扰动所带来的生理和病理后果，并讨论在鉴定和分析神经酰胺转移蛋白方面未来面临的挑战。
