The burden of the first year of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was greater for vulnerable populations, such as immigrants, people living in disadvantaged urban areas, and people with chronic illnesses whose usual follow-up may have been disrupted. Immigrants receiving care for HIV in Seine-Saint-Denis' hospitals have a combination of such vulnerabilities, while nonimmigrant people living with HIV (PLWHIV) have more heterogeneous vulnerability profiles. The ICOVIH study aimed to compare the socioeconomic effects of the COVID-19 crisis as well as attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccination among immigrant and nonimmigrant PLWHIV. A questionnaire assessed vulnerabilities prior to the COVID-19 epidemic and the impact of the early epidemic on administrative, residential, professional, and financial fields. We surveyed 296 adults living with HIV at four hospitals in Seine-Saint-Denis, the poorest metropolitan French department, between January and May 2021. Administrative barriers affected 9% of French-born versus 26.3% of immigrant participants. Immigrants experienced financial insecurity and hunger more often than nonimmigrant participants (21.8% versus 7.1% and 6.6% versus 3%, respectively). Spontaneous acceptance of vaccination was higher among nonimmigrant than among immigrant participants (56.7% versus 32.1%), while immigrants were more likely to wait for their doctor's recommendation or for their doctor to convince them than their French-born counterparts (34.2% versus 19.6%). The trust-based doctor‒patient relationship established through HIV follow-up appeared to be a determining factor in the high acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine among immigrant participants.