Ecological Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan; email:
Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
Annu Rev Anim Biosci. 2024 Feb 15;12:233-259. doi: 10.1146/annurev-animal-021122-113935. Epub 2023 Oct 20.
Sexual reproduction is prevalent across diverse taxa. However, sex-determination mechanisms are so diverse that even closely related species often differ in sex-determination systems. Teleost fish is a taxonomic group with frequent turnovers of sex-determining mechanisms and thus provides us with great opportunities to investigate the molecular and evolutionary mechanisms underlying the turnover of sex-determining systems. Here, we compile recent studies on the diversity of sex-determination mechanisms in fish. We demonstrate that genes in the TGF-β signaling pathway are frequently used for master sex-determining (MSD) genes. MSD genes arise via two main mechanisms, duplication-and-transposition and allelic mutations, with a few exceptions. We also demonstrate that temperature influences sex determination in many fish species, even those with sex chromosomes, with higher temperatures inducing differentiation into males in most cases. Finally, we review theoretical models for the turnover of sex-determining mechanisms and discuss what questions remain elusive.
有性生殖在不同的分类群中普遍存在。然而，性决定机制如此多样，即使是密切相关的物种，其性决定系统也常常不同。硬骨鱼是一个性决定机制频繁转换的分类群，因此为我们提供了极好的机会来研究性别决定系统转换的分子和进化机制。在这里，我们汇编了鱼类性别决定机制多样性的最新研究。我们证明，TGF-β 信号通路中的基因经常被用作主要性别决定（MSD）基因。MSD 基因主要通过复制和转位以及等位基因突变两种机制产生，也有少数例外。我们还证明，温度会影响许多鱼类的性别决定，即使是那些有性染色体的鱼类也是如此，在大多数情况下，较高的温度会诱导雄性分化。最后，我们回顾了性别决定机制转换的理论模型，并讨论了哪些问题仍然难以捉摸。
