Relative contribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and denitrifying fungi to NO production during rice straw composting with biochar and biogas residue amendments.

Nitrous oxide (NO) production is associated with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (amoA-AOB) and denitrifying fungi (nirK-fungi) during the incorporation of biochar and biogas residue composting. This research examined the relative contribution of alterations in the abundance, diversity and structure of amoA-AOB and nirK-fungi communities on NO emission by real-time PCR and sequence processing. Results showed that NO emissions showed an extreme relation with the abundance of amoA-AOB (rs = 0.584) while giving credit to nirK-fungi (rs = 0.500). Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira emerged as the dominant genera driving ammoxidation process. Biogas residue changed the community structure of AOB by altering Nitrosomonadaceae proportion and physiological capacity. The denitrification process, primarily governed by nirK-fungi, served as a crucial pathway for NO production, unveiling the pivotal mechanism of biochar to suppress NO emissions. C/N and NH-N were identified as significant parameters influencing the distribution of nirK-fungi, especially Micromonospora, Halomonas and Mesorhizobium.