Effects of biochar and biogas residue amendments on NO emission, enzyme activities and functional genes related with nitrification and denitrification during rice straw composting.

This study was carried out to determine the response characteristics of NO emission, enzyme activities, and functional gene abundances involved in nitrification/denitirification process with biochar and biogas residue amendments during rice straw composting. The results revealed that NO release mainly occurred during the second fermentation phase. Biogas residue amendment promoted NO emission, while biochar addition decreased its emission by 33.6%. The nirK gene was abundant through composting process. Biogas residues increased the abundance of denitrification genes, resulting in further release of NO. Biochar enhanced nosZ gene abundance and accelerated the reduction of NO. Nitrate reductase (NR), nitrite reductase (NiR), NO reductase (NOR), and ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) activities were greatly stimulated by biochar or biogas residue rather than their combined addition. Pearson regression analysis indicated that NO emission negatively correlated with ammonium and positively correlated with nosZ, nirK, 18S rDNA, total nitrogen, and nitrate (P < 0.05).