Li Xiong, Wang Xin, Chen Long, Zhao Tianyu
Department of Mechanics, Northeastern University, Shenyang, PR China.
Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, PR China.
Sports Biomech. 2025 May;24(5):1385-1399. doi: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2269556. Epub 2023 Oct 24.
The flight period of ski jumping involves aerodynamic considerations. Reasonable controls and adjustments of in-flight body attitudes are beneficial to improve the aerodynamic performance of athletes, thus obtaining a longer flight distance. Here, the aerodynamic forces and moments of a simplified body-ski model in the flight period are calculated via the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, considering influences of head angle, hip angle, and body-ski angle, and the contributions of each body part are discussed. Results show that the hip angle and body-ski angle dominate the aerodynamic performance, and the skis and the trunk contribute most to the aerodynamic force and moment. In addition, based on CFD results, the hip angle and body-ski angle are selected as design variables, and optimisations for lift area and lift-to-drag ratio are conducted via the combination of Kriging models and genetic algorithm. When the lift-to-drag ratio reaches its peak (which is beneficial to the early flight), the athlete should keep a flatter body attitude, leading to a relatively low lift area and drag area. Properly raising the posture of the body can get a higher lift area, which is beneficial to balance the gravity and prolong the athletes' flight distance in the late flight.
跳台滑雪的飞行阶段涉及空气动力学因素。合理控制和调整飞行中的身体姿态有助于提高运动员的空气动力学性能，从而获得更长的飞行距离。在此，通过计算流体动力学（CFD）方法计算飞行阶段简化的身体-滑雪模型的空气动力和力矩，考虑头部角度、髋部角度和身体-滑雪角度的影响，并讨论各身体部位的贡献。结果表明，髋部角度和身体-滑雪角度主导空气动力学性能，滑雪板和躯干对空气动力和力矩的贡献最大。此外，基于CFD结果，选择髋部角度和身体-滑雪角度作为设计变量，通过克里金模型和遗传算法相结合的方式对升力面积和升阻比进行优化。当升阻比达到峰值时（这对早期飞行有利），运动员应保持较为平坦的身体姿态，导致升力面积和阻力面积相对较低。适当提高身体姿态可以获得更高的升力面积，这有利于平衡重力并延长运动员在后期飞行中的飞行距离。
