Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 107 W. Dean Keeton, BME Building, Room 3.503D, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
J Mater Chem B. 2023 Nov 15;11(44):10651-10664. doi: 10.1039/d3tb01839c.
Emulsion-templated foams have displayed promise as injectable bone grafts; however, the use of a surfactant as an emulsifier resulted in relatively small pores and impedes cell attachment. Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were explored as an alternative stabilizer to address these limitations. To this end, hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were first modified with myristic acid to generate the appropriate balance of hydrophobicity to stabilize a water-in-oil emulsion of neopentyl glycol diacrylate and 1,4-butanedithiol. surface modification of the resulting foam with hydroxyapatite was confirmed with elemental mapping and transmission electron microscopy. Nanoparticle-stabilized foams displayed improved human mesenchymal stem cell viability (91 ± 5%) over surfactant-stabilized foams (23 ± 11%). Although the pore size was appropriate for bone grafting applications (115 ± 71 μm), the foams lacked the interconnected architecture necessary for cell infiltration. We hypothesized that a co-stabilization approach with both surfactant and nanoparticles could be used to achieve interconnected pores while maintaining improved cell attachment and larger pore sizes. A range of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle and surfactant concentrations were investigated to determine the effects on microarchitecture and cell behavior. By balancing these interactions, a co-stabilized foam was identified that possessed large, interconnected pores (108 ± 67 μm) and improved cell viability and attachment. The co-stabilized foam was then evaluated as an injectable bone graft including network formation, microscale integration with bone, push out strength, and compressive properties. Overall, this work demonstrated that surface modification with nHA improved cell attachment while retaining desirable bone grafting features and injectability.
乳液模板泡沫已显示出作为可注射骨移植物的潜力；然而，使用表面活性剂作为乳化剂会导致孔相对较小，并阻碍细胞附着。羟基磷灰石纳米粒子被探索作为替代稳定剂来解决这些限制。为此，首先用肉豆蔻酸对羟基磷灰石纳米粒子进行表面改性，以产生适当的疏水性平衡，从而稳定新戊二醇二丙烯酸酯和 1,4-丁二硫醇的油包水乳液。用元素映射和透射电子显微镜证实了所得泡沫的羟基磷灰石表面改性。与表面活性剂稳定的泡沫（23±11%）相比，纳米颗粒稳定的泡沫显示出人骨髓间充质干细胞的活力提高（91±5%）。尽管孔径适合骨移植应用（115±71μm），但泡沫缺乏细胞渗透所需的连通结构。我们假设可以使用表面活性剂和纳米颗粒的共同稳定化方法来实现连通孔，同时保持改进的细胞附着和更大的孔径。研究了一系列羟基磷灰石纳米颗粒和表面活性剂浓度，以确定它们对微结构和细胞行为的影响。通过平衡这些相互作用，确定了一种具有大的、连通的孔（108±67μm）和提高的细胞活力和附着的共稳定化泡沫。然后，将共稳定化泡沫作为可注射骨移植物进行评估，包括网络形成、与骨的微尺度整合、推出强度和压缩性能。总的来说，这项工作表明，nHA 的表面改性提高了细胞附着，同时保留了理想的骨移植特征和可注射性。
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