Peters A R
Vet Rec. 1986 Oct 4;119(14):355-7. doi: 10.1136/vr.119.14.355.
The influence of some husbandry factors on morbidity and mortality was studied in 1996 artificially reared, dairy bred calves over the period from purchase until about six weeks of age. The effects of housing (indoors versus outdoors), penning (individual versus group), breed, time since purchase and season of purchase were examined. The overall mortality rate was approximately 4 per cent and calves were more likely to die if reared in groups outdoors than if reared either singly or in groups indoors. The mortality rate was significantly lower in calves purchased between April and June than at other times of year. Pneumonia was the most common disease symptom (48.3 per cent of calves) with diarrhoea the second most common (14.1 per cent). Neither the type of penning nor housing affected the incidence of pneumonia but diarrhoea was most common in individually penned calves. Case mortality rates for diarrhoeic calves in group pens were higher than for those in single pens and case mortality rates for pneumonia were highest for calves reared in groups outdoors. More than half the cases of pneumonia occurred between one and three weeks after purchase whereas two-thirds of the cases of diarrhoea occurred within the first week after purchase. However, case mortality rates for both conditions appeared to increase with time since purchase.
1996年，对人工饲养的乳用犊牛从购入到约六周龄期间的一些饲养因素对发病率和死亡率的影响进行了研究。研究了饲养环境（室内与室外）、圈养方式（个体饲养与群体饲养）、品种、购入后的时间以及购入季节的影响。总体死亡率约为4%，与单独饲养或室内群体饲养的犊牛相比，室外群体饲养的犊牛死亡可能性更大。4月至6月购入的犊牛死亡率明显低于一年中的其他时间。肺炎是最常见的疾病症状（占犊牛的48.3%），腹泻是第二常见的症状（占14.1%）。圈养方式和饲养环境均未影响肺炎的发病率，但腹泻在个体圈养的犊牛中最为常见。群体圈养的腹泻犊牛的病例死亡率高于单圈饲养的犊牛，室外群体饲养的犊牛肺炎病例死亡率最高。超过一半的肺炎病例发生在购入后的一至三周，而三分之二的腹泻病例发生在购入后的第一周内。然而，这两种疾病的病例死亡率似乎都随着购入后的时间增加而上升。
