Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland.
Nutr Rev. 2024 Sep 1;82(9):1239-1259. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad131.
Ageing is a natural ontogenetic phenomenon that entails a decrease in the adaptive capacity of the organism, as a result of which the body becomes less adaptable to stressful conditions. Nitrate and nitrite enter the body from exogenous sources and from nitrification of ammonia nitrogen by intestinal microorganisms. This review considers the mechanisms of action of l-arginine, a known inducer of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis, and nitrates as supplements in the processes of ageing and aggravated stress states, in which mechanisms of individual physiological reactivity play an important role. This approach can be used as an element of individual therapy or prevention of premature ageing processes depending on the different levels of initial reactivity of the functional systems. A search was performed of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases (n = 181 articles) and the author's own research (n = 4) up to May 5, 2023. The review presents analyses of data on targeted treatment of NO generation by supplementation with l-arginine or nitrates, which is a promising means for prevention of hypoxic conditions frequently accompanying pathological processes in an ageing organism. The review clarifies the role of the individual state of physiological reactivity, using the example of individuals with a high predominance of cholinergic regulatory mechanisms who already have a significant reserve of adaptive capacity. In studies of the predominance of adrenergic influences, a poorly trained organism as well as an elderly organism correspond to low resistance, which is an additional factor of damage at increased energy expenditure.
It is suggested that the role of NO synthesis from supplementation of dietary nitrates and nitrites increases with age rather than from oxygen-dependent biosynthetic reactions from l-arginine supplementation.
衰老是一种自然的个体发育现象，它会导致生物体适应能力下降，从而使身体对压力条件的适应能力降低。硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐从外源性和肠道微生物的氨氮硝化作用进入体内。这篇综述考虑了 l-精氨酸的作用机制，l-精氨酸是一种已知的一氧化氮（NO）生物合成诱导剂，以及硝酸盐作为补充剂在衰老和加重的应激状态下的作用，在这些状态下，个体生理反应性的机制起着重要作用。这种方法可以作为个体治疗或预防过早衰老过程的一种手段，具体取决于功能系统的初始反应性的不同水平。在 2023 年 5 月 5 日之前，我们在 PubMed、Scopus 和 Google Scholar 数据库（n=181 篇文章）和作者自己的研究（n=4）中进行了搜索。这篇综述分析了关于通过补充 l-精氨酸或硝酸盐来靶向治疗 NO 生成的数据，这是预防经常伴随衰老生物体病理过程的缺氧状态的一种有前途的手段。该综述通过使用已经具有相当大的适应能力储备的胆碱能调节机制占主导地位的个体的例子，阐明了个体生理反应性状态的作用。在研究肾上腺素能影响的主导作用时，未经过训练的机体以及老年机体对应着低抵抗力，这是在能量消耗增加时造成损伤的附加因素。
研究表明，膳食硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐补充物中 NO 合成的作用会随着年龄的增长而增加，而不是依赖于 l-精氨酸补充物的氧依赖性生物合成反应。
