Regulation of the somatotropic axis by MYC-mediated miRNA repression.

The transcription factor MYC is overexpressed in many human cancers and has a significant causal role in tumor incidence and progression. In contrast, heterozygous mice, which have decreased MYC expression, exhibit a 10-20% increase in lifespan and a decreased incidence or progression of several age-related diseases. heterozygous mice were also reported to have decreased mTOR and IGF1 signaling, two pathways whose reduced activity is associated with longevity in diverse species. Given MYC's downstream role in these pathways, the downregulation of mTOR and IGF1 signaling in heterozygotes suggests the presence of feedback loops within this regulatory network. In this communication we provide further evidence that the reduction of expression in heterozygous mice provokes a female-specific decrease in circulating IGF1 as well as a reduction of IGF1 protein in the liver. In particular, reduced expression led to upregulation of miRNAs that target the transcript, thereby inhibiting its translation and leading to decreased IGF1 protein levels. Using Argonaute (AGO)-CLIP-sequencing we found enrichment of AGO binding in the transcript at the target sites of let-7, miR-122, and miR-29 in female, but not male heterozygotes. Upregulation of the liver-specific miR-122 in primary hepatocytes in culture and in vivo in mice resulted in significant downregulation of IGF1 protein, but not mRNA. Reduced levels of IGF1 increased GH production in the pituitary through a well-documented negative-feedback relationship. In line with this, we found that IGF1 levels in bone (where miR-122 is not expressed) were unchanged, consistent with the decreased incidence of osteoporosis in female heterozygotes, despite decreased circulating IGF1.