National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China.
Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, Nanjing 210014, China.
Plant Dis. 2024 May;108(5):1223-1235. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-06-23-1090-RE. Epub 2024 Apr 30.
Wall-associated kinases (WAKs), a group of receptor-like kinases, have been found to play important roles in defending against pathogens and in various developmental processes. However, the importance of this family in wheat remains largely unknown. Wheat powdery mildew is caused by f. sp. (), which initiates infection on the cell surface and forms haustoria inside the cell; therefore, the defense to involves extracellular and subsequently intracellular signals. In this study, were identified genome-wide and analyzed phylogenetically, and then a transmembrane gene that putatively participated in pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity to was functionally and evolutionarily investigated. In total, 1,193 were identified from wheat and its Gramineae relatives. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that expanded through tandem duplication or segment duplication. , from chromosome 2A, was identified as a -inducible gene both in susceptible and resistant materials, but it showed distinct responsive patterns. Functional analysis showed that was involved in both the basal and resistance gene-mediated resistances. The specific gene structures and protein characteristics of , along with its orthologs, were characterized both in subgenomes of spp. and in the A genome of multiple wheat accessions, which revealed that orthologs underwent complex evolution with frequent gene fusion and domain deletion. In addition, three cytoplasmic proteins interacting with were indicated by yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Binding of with these proteins could change its subcellular localization from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm. This study provides a better understanding of the evolution of at the genomic level and at the gene level and provides useful clues for further investigation of how WAKs transmit the extracellular signals to the cytoplasm to activate defense responses.
壁关联激酶（WAKs）是一组受体样激酶，已被发现在抵御病原体和各种发育过程中发挥重要作用。然而，这个家族在小麦中的重要性在很大程度上仍然未知。小麦白粉病是由 f. sp. 引起的 (), 它在细胞表面引发感染，并在细胞内形成吸器；因此，对 的防御涉及细胞外和随后的细胞内信号。在这项研究中，从基因组水平鉴定了 ，并进行了系统发育分析，然后对一个可能参与病原体相关分子模式触发免疫和效应物触发免疫的跨膜 基因进行了功能和进化研究。总共从小麦及其禾本科亲属中鉴定出 1193 个。系统发育分析表明，通过串联重复或片段重复扩展。 ，来自 2A 染色体，在感病和抗病材料中均被鉴定为 -诱导基因，但表现出不同的响应模式。功能分析表明， 参与了基础和抗性基因介导的抗性。 ，以及其同源物，的具体基因结构和蛋白质特征，在 spp. 的亚基因组和多个小麦品系的 A 基因组中进行了特征描述，这表明 同源物经历了复杂的进化，频繁发生基因融合和结构域缺失。此外，酵母双杂交和双分子荧光互补实验表明，三个与 相互作用的细胞质蛋白。 与这些蛋白的结合可以改变其从质膜到细胞质的亚细胞定位。这项研究提供了对 基因组水平和 基因水平进化的更好理解，并为进一步研究 WAKs 如何将细胞外信号传递到细胞质以激活防御反应提供了有用的线索。
