Vasilyeva E F
Mental Health Research Center, Moscow, Russia.
Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2023;123(11):33-39. doi: 10.17116/jnevro202312311133.
Numerous studies have identified the important role of the gut microbiota in maintaining of the CNS normal functioning and in the pathogenesis of mental disorders as one of the systems regulating the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain. The microbiota has been found to be involved in the modulation of inflammation as well as in the development and function of the immune and nervous systems. It is assumed that in multicellular organisms, the nervous and immune systems have evolved together with the microbiota, being in interaction with it, in order to optimize the body's ability to adapt to a wide range of environmental stresses in order to maintain the constancy of its homeostasis. Normally, microbes live in stable communities, while under conditions of even mild or chronic social stress, significant shifts in the composition of the microbiota occur, which lead to the development of dysbiosis associated with changes in microbiota metabolites, which can lead to the formation of physiology and behavior characteristic of stress and depression. Microbes influence the activation of peripheral immune cells that regulate the response to neuroinflammation, brain damage, autoimmune responses, and neurogenesis. The review provides a brief overview of the normal gut microbiota, describes the factors influencing the state of the microbiota, and also discusses recent discoveries concerning the regulatory effect of the gut microbiota on CNS functions, the immune system, and inflammation in the pathogenesis of depression and anxiety.
众多研究已确定肠道微生物群在维持中枢神经系统正常功能以及在精神障碍发病机制中的重要作用，它是调节肠道与大脑之间双向通讯的系统之一。已发现微生物群参与炎症调节以及免疫和神经系统的发育与功能。据推测，在多细胞生物中，神经系统和免疫系统与微生物群共同进化，并与其相互作用，以优化机体适应广泛环境压力的能力，从而维持其体内稳态的恒定。正常情况下，微生物生活在稳定的群落中，而在即使是轻度或慢性社会压力的条件下，微生物群的组成也会发生显著变化，这会导致与微生物群代谢产物变化相关的生态失调的发展，进而可能导致形成应激和抑郁所特有的生理和行为。微生物影响外周免疫细胞的激活，这些免疫细胞调节对神经炎症、脑损伤、自身免疫反应和神经发生的反应。本综述简要概述了正常的肠道微生物群，描述了影响微生物群状态的因素，并讨论了有关肠道微生物群对中枢神经系统功能、免疫系统以及抑郁症和焦虑症发病机制中炎症的调节作用的最新发现。
