Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA.
Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2023 Dec;72(12):3939-3952. doi: 10.1007/s00262-023-03566-5. Epub 2023 Nov 23.
Esophageal cancers have a high mortality rate and limited treatment options especially in the advanced/metastatic setting. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma are two distinct types of esophageal cancer. Esophageal SCC is more common in nonindustrialized countries with risk factors including smoking, alcohol use, and achalasia. Adenocarcinoma is the predominant esophageal cancer in developed nations, and risk factors include chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, obesity, and smoking. Chemotherapy has been the mainstay of therapy for decades until immunotherapy made its debut in the past few years. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have been tested in many studies now and are becoming an essential component of esophageal cancer treatment. Monoclonal antibodies that selectively inhibit programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) activity such as pembrolizumab and nivolumab, have become standard of care in the treatment of esophageal cancer. Several other anti-PD-1 antibodies like camrelizumab, toripalimab, sintilimab, trislelizumab are under investigation in different stages of clinical trials. Here we provide a comprehensive review of extant literature as well as ongoing trials with various combinations of chemotherapy or other targeted therapy with a focus on different histological subgroups of esophageal cancer and in different clinical settings.
食管癌死亡率高，治疗选择有限，尤其是在晚期/转移性情况下。鳞状细胞癌（SCC）和腺癌是两种不同类型的食管癌。食管 SCC 在非工业化国家更为常见，其危险因素包括吸烟、饮酒和贲门失弛缓症。腺癌是发达国家主要的食管癌，其危险因素包括慢性胃食管反流病、肥胖和吸烟。几十年来，化疗一直是治疗的主要方法，直到免疫疗法在过去几年问世。免疫检查点抑制剂已在许多研究中进行了测试，并且正在成为食管癌治疗的重要组成部分。选择性抑制程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1（PD-1）活性的单克隆抗体，如 pembrolizumab 和 nivolumab，已成为治疗食管癌的标准治疗方法。其他几种抗 PD-1 抗体，如 camrelizumab、toripalimab、sintilimab、trislelizumab，正在不同阶段的临床试验中进行研究。在这里，我们提供了对现有文献和正在进行的临床试验的全面回顾，重点关注不同组织学亚组的食管癌和不同的临床环境，以及与化疗或其他靶向治疗的各种组合。
