College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Farming System, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, China.
Environ Res. 2024 Feb 1;242:117710. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117710. Epub 2023 Nov 22.
The conventional wheat-maize systems in the North China Plain are energy and water intensive with high carbon emissions. It is imperative to find cleaner production technologies for sustainable food-water-energy-carbon synergism. Here, a three-year field experiment was performed to explore the effects of two tillage modes and four irrigation regimes during wheat season on crop yield, economic profile, water use efficiency, energy utilization, and carbon footprint in typical wheat-maize cropping systems in the North China Plain. Pre-sowing irrigation resulted in the lowest crop yield and benefit profile. Pre-sowing + anthesis irrigation decreased economic benefit and water use efficiency with higher carbon footprint. Pre-sowing + jointing + anthesis irrigation led to the greatest energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. However, pre-sowing + jointing irrigation increased yield by 2.3-8.7%, economic benefit by 4.0-11.1%, water use efficiency by 7.4-10.9%, and net energy by 6.5-12.0% but reduced carbon footprint by 9.8-14.3% compared to pre-sowing + anthesis irrigation and pre-sowing + jointing + anthesis irrigation. The corresponding metrics in rotary tillage improved by 9.6%, 13.9%, 7.0%, and 14.2%, respectively, relative to subsoiling, whereas carbon footprint decreased by 12.4-17.2%. Besides, rotary tillage coupled with additional jointing irrigation obtained the highest value based on a Z-score method, which was recommended as a cleaner management practice to improve benefit return and water use efficiency with lower energy consumption and carbon footprint. This work provides valuable insights into food-water-energy-carbon nexus for ensuring food security and achieving environmental sustainability in the wheat-maize cropping systems.
华北平原传统的小麦-玉米种植系统能源和水消耗量大，碳排放高。因此，迫切需要寻找更清洁的生产技术，以实现粮食-水-能源-碳协同。本研究通过田间试验，连续 3 年研究了小麦季不同耕作方式和灌溉制度对华北平原典型小麦-玉米轮作系统作物产量、经济效益、水分利用效率、能量利用效率和碳足迹的影响。播前灌溉导致作物产量和经济效益最低。播前+开花期灌溉降低了经济效益和水分利用效率，同时增加了碳足迹。播前+拔节期+开花期灌溉导致能量消耗和温室气体排放最大。然而，与播前+开花期灌溉和播前+拔节期+开花期灌溉相比，播前+拔节期灌溉可使产量增加 2.3%-8.7%，经济效益增加 4.0%-11.1%，水分利用效率增加 7.4%-10.9%，净能量增加 6.5%-12.0%，碳足迹减少 9.8%-14.3%。与深耕相比，旋耕的相应指标分别提高了 9.6%、13.9%、7.0%和 14.2%，而碳足迹减少了 12.4%-17.2%。此外，旋耕结合额外的拔节期灌溉获得了基于 Z 得分方法的最高值，被推荐为一种更清洁的管理措施，可提高经济效益和水分利用效率，同时降低能源消耗和碳足迹。本研究为保障粮食安全和实现小麦-玉米轮作系统的环境可持续性提供了有关粮食-水-能源-碳关系的有价值的见解。
