Mammal communities of primeval forests as sentinels of global change.

Understanding the drivers and consequences of global environmental change is crucial to inform predictions of effects on ecosystems. We used the mammal community of Białowieża Forest, the last lowland near-primeval forest in temperate Europe, as a sentinel of global change. We analyzed changes in stable carbon (δ C) and nitrogen (δ N) isotope values of hair in 687 specimens from 50 mammal species across seven decades (1946-2011). We classified mammals into four taxonomic-dietary groups (herbivores, carnivores, insectivores, and bats). We found a significant negative trend in hair δ N for the mammal community, particularly strong for herbivores. This trend is consistent with temporal patterns in nitrogen deposition from ( N depleted) industrial fertilizers and fossil fuel emissions. It is also in line with global-scale declines in δ N reported in forests and other unfertilized, non-urban terrestrial ecosystems and with local decreases in N foliar concentrations. The global depletion of C content in atmospheric CO due to fossil fuel burning (Suess effect) was detected in all groups. After correcting for this effect, the hair δ C trend became non-significant for both community and groups, except for bats, which showed a strong decline in δ C. This could be related to an increase in the relative abundance of freshwater insects taken by bats or increased use of methane-derived carbon in food webs used by bats. This work is the first broad-scale and long-term mammal isotope ecology study in a near-primeval forest in temperate Europe. Mammal communities from natural forests represent a unique benchmark in global change research; investigating their isotopic temporal variation can help identify patterns and early detections of ecosystem changes and provide more comprehensive and integrative assessments than single species approaches.