Bioorganic Research Institute, Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
Shimoda Marine Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Shizuoka, Japan.
Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2024 Mar 1;582:112122. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112122. Epub 2023 Dec 16.
Deuterostome invertebrates, including echinoderms, hemichordates, cephalochordates, and urochordates, exhibit common and species-specific morphological, developmental, physiological, and behavioral characteristics that are regulated by neuroendocrine and nervous systems. Over the past 15 years, omics, genetic, and/or physiological studies on deuterostome invertebrates have identified low-molecular-weight transmitters, neuropeptides and their cognate receptors, and have clarified their various biological functions. In particular, there has been increasing interest on the neuroendocrine and nervous systems of Ciona intestinalis Type A, which belongs to the subphylum Urochordata and occupies the critical phylogenetic position as the closest relative of vertebrates. During the developmental stage, gamma-aminobutylic acid, D-serine, and gonadotropin-releasing hormones regulate metamorphosis of Ciona. In adults, the neuropeptidergic mechanisms underlying ovarian follicle growth, oocyte maturation, and ovulation have been elucidated. This review article provides the most recent and fundamental knowledge of the neuroendocrine and nervous systems of Ciona, and their evolutionary aspects.
后口动物无脊椎动物，包括棘皮动物、半索动物、头索动物和尾索动物，表现出共同的和物种特异性的形态、发育、生理和行为特征，这些特征受神经内分泌和神经系统的调节。在过去的 15 年中，对后口动物无脊椎动物的组学、遗传和/或生理学研究已经确定了低分子量递质、神经肽及其同源受体，并阐明了它们的各种生物学功能。特别是，对属于尾索动物亚门的 Ciona intestinalis Type A 的神经内分泌和神经系统的研究兴趣日益增加，它在进化上与脊椎动物关系最为密切，占据着关键的位置。在发育阶段，γ-氨基丁酸、D-丝氨酸和促性腺激素释放激素调节 Ciona 的变态。在成体中，已经阐明了神经肽机制在卵巢滤泡生长、卵母细胞成熟和排卵中的作用。本文综述了 Ciona 的神经内分泌和神经系统及其进化方面的最新和基础的知识。
