Karadumpa Chandra Sekhar, Pancharathi Rathish Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560019, India.
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Warangal, Warangal, Telangana State, 506004, India.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2024 Jan;31(4):5364-5383. doi: 10.1007/s11356-023-31593-3. Epub 2023 Dec 20.
The demand for production of cements is ever increasing to meet the infrastructure development globally. The energy and emission factors available for cements in most of the life cycle assessment (LCA) databases may not exactly suit for all the geographical locations. The main challenge in Indian scenario is the absence of database for LCA study. This study attempts to develop the energy and emission factors for the manufacturing of cements in Indian context. In the present study, five different cement manufacturing plants located in north, south, east, west and central zones of India are considered to assess the energy dissipation and carbon dioxide emission involved during the production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Most of the data is collected from the field, so that the energy and emission factors determined will be suitable for the zonal study. The study is then extended to assess the energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission for three blended cements, viz. Portland Pozzolan cement (PPC), Portland slag cement (PSC) and composite cement (CC) with permissible known replacement levels of fly ash, granulated blast furnace slag and both fly ash and slag, respectively. The average energy use and carbon emission is found to be on higher side in India by 15.14% and 12.64%, respectively, compared to other countries in manufacturing of cements. An average energy consumption in manufacturing of PPC, PSC and CC is found to be respectively 24.5%, 35.3% and 43.13% less compared to that of OPC. The CO emission intensity for OPC is found to vary between 893 and 940 kg/tonne of cement from five different zones, and an average of respectively 24.8%, 40.97% and 47.18% lower CO emission was observed from PPC, PSC and CC compared to OPC. From the inventory results, CC has proven to be a more sustainable cement with low energy consumption and lower CO emission compared to other cements.
为满足全球基础设施发展需求，水泥产量需求不断增加。大多数生命周期评估（LCA）数据库中提供的水泥能源和排放因子可能并不完全适用于所有地理位置。印度面临的主要挑战是缺乏用于LCA研究的数据库。本研究试图针对印度背景下的水泥生产开发能源和排放因子。在本研究中，考虑了位于印度北部、南部、东部、西部和中部地区的五家不同的水泥生产厂，以评估普通硅酸盐水泥（OPC）生产过程中的能量消耗和二氧化碳排放。大部分数据是实地收集的，因此确定的能量和排放因子将适用于区域研究。然后，该研究扩展到评估三种混合水泥的能源消耗和二氧化碳排放，即分别具有允许的已知粉煤灰、粒化高炉矿渣以及粉煤灰和矿渣替代水平的火山灰质硅酸盐水泥（PPC）、矿渣硅酸盐水泥（PSC）和复合水泥（CC）。与其他国家的水泥生产相比，印度的平均能源使用和碳排放分别高出15.14%和12.64%。与OPC相比，PPC、PSC和CC生产中的平均能源消耗分别减少24.5%、35.3%和43.13%。发现来自五个不同地区的OPC的CO排放强度在893至940千克/吨水泥之间变化，与OPC相比，PPC、PSC和CC的CO排放分别平均降低24.8%、40.97%和47.18%。根据清单结果，与其他水泥相比，CC已被证明是一种更具可持续性的水泥，能耗低且CO排放少。
