Donnan Kate J, Williams Emily L, Bargh Melissa J
Department of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK.
Centre for Human Performance, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
Temperature (Austin). 2023 Jan 4;10(4):404-433. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2022.2157645. eCollection 2023.
A range of occupational and performance contexts (e.g. military personnel operations, emergency services, sport) require the critical maintenance of cognitive performance in environmentally challenging environments. Several reviews exist which evaluate the effectiveness of heat preparation strategies to facilitate physical performance. To date, no review has explored the usefulness of heat preparation strategies for cognitive performance. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to evaluate a range of interventions for the maintenance of cognitive performance, during or following active or passive heat exposure. Studies to be included were assessed by two authors reviewing title, abstract, and full-text. Forty articles were identified which met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorised into chronic (i.e. acclimation/acclimatisation) and acute strategies (i.e. hydration, cooling, supplementation, psychological). The results indicate that medium-term consecutive heat acclimation may mitigate some cognitive deficits under heat stress, although heat acclimation effectiveness could be influenced by age. Further, pre-cooling appears the most effective cooling method for maintaining cognitive performance under heat stress, although results were somewhat ambiguous. The hydration literature showed that the most effective hydration strategies were those which individualised electrolyte fortified fluid volumes to match for sweat loss. Limited research exploring psychological interventions indicates that motivational self-talk could be facilitative for maintaining cognitive skills following exercise in hot conditions. These findings can be used to help inform strategies for maintaining critical cognitive and decision-making skills in hot environments.
一系列职业和表现情境（如军事人员行动、应急服务、体育）要求在具有环境挑战性的环境中保持关键的认知表现。已有若干综述评估了热准备策略对促进身体表现的有效性。迄今为止，尚无综述探讨热准备策略对认知表现的作用。因此，本系统综述旨在评估一系列在主动或被动热暴露期间或之后维持认知表现的干预措施。纳入的研究由两位作者通过审阅标题、摘要和全文进行评估。确定了40篇符合纳入标准的文章。干预措施分为长期（即适应/驯化）和急性策略（即补水、降温、补充剂、心理干预）。结果表明，中期连续热适应可能减轻热应激下的一些认知缺陷，尽管热适应效果可能受年龄影响。此外，预冷似乎是热应激下维持认知表现最有效的降温方法，尽管结果有些模糊。补水方面的文献表明，最有效的补水策略是根据个体汗液流失情况个性化补充含电解质的液体量。探索心理干预的研究有限，表明在炎热条件下运动后，自我激励的言语可能有助于维持认知技能。这些发现可用于为在炎热环境中维持关键认知和决策技能的策略提供参考。
