Research Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing (PHEHF), Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia.
BMC Health Serv Res. 2024 Jan 10;24(1):49. doi: 10.1186/s12913-023-10528-1.
International medical travel or medical tourism is not a new phenomenon in many countries, including among Indonesians. Indonesia is reported as a major source of patients from the lower, middle, to upper classes for its neighbouring countries. This scoping review aims to synthesise evidence on supporting factors for Indonesians taking medical tourism and what needs to be improved in Indonesia's health system.
We conducted a scoping review guided by a framework provided by Arksey and O'Malley. We systematically searched existing literature from 5 databases, including MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest, and Wiley. Data were extracted based on study details, study design, characteristics of participants and results. Analysis followed the three-stage procedure outlined by Thomas and Harden: (1) coding the text line by line, interpreting the data and identifying concepts or themes; (2) developing descriptive themes by grouping similar concepts in theme and subtheme and (3) generating analytical themes by reviewing preliminary themes and discussing the addition or revision of themes.
A total of 25 articles were included in this review. The review highlights a broad range of facilitators for medical tourism among Indonesians: (i) availability of health services, medical specialities, and person-centred care, (ii) region adjacency, transport, and health agency, (iii) affordability of medical treatment, (iv) religious and socio-cultural factors, and (v) reasons patients reported distrust in Indonesian doctors.
The findings indicate improvements in the Indonesian health system are necessary if the increasing rates of international medical tourism by Indonesian people are to change. Addressing the factors identified in this scoping review through avenues including policy may increase people's satisfaction and trust towards health care and treatment in Indonesia, thereby reducing the number of Indonesian people taking medical tourism.
国际医疗旅游或医疗旅游在许多国家（包括印度尼西亚）并不是一个新现象。据报道，印度尼西亚是邻国中下中上阶层患者的主要来源地。本范围综述旨在综合印度尼西亚人进行医疗旅游的支持因素的证据，并确定印度尼西亚卫生系统需要改进的地方。
我们在 Arksey 和 O'Malley 提供的框架的指导下进行了范围综述。我们从 5 个数据库（包括 MEDLINE、PubMed、Scopus、ProQuest 和 Wiley）系统地搜索了现有文献。根据研究细节、研究设计、参与者特征和结果提取数据。分析遵循 Thomas 和 Harden 提出的三个阶段程序：（1）逐行对文本进行编码，解释数据并确定概念或主题；（2）通过将相似的概念分组到主题和子主题中，开发描述性主题；（3）通过审查初步主题并讨论主题的添加或修订，生成分析性主题。
本综述共纳入 25 篇文章。综述突出了印度尼西亚人进行医疗旅游的广泛促进因素：（i）医疗服务、医疗专业和以人为本的护理的可及性，（ii）地理位置邻近、交通和卫生机构，（iii）治疗费用的负担能力，（iv）宗教和社会文化因素，以及（v）患者报告对印度尼西亚医生不信任的原因。
如果要改变印度尼西亚人国际医疗旅游率的上升趋势，就需要改善印度尼西亚的卫生系统。通过政策等途径解决本范围综述中确定的因素，可能会提高人们对印度尼西亚医疗保健和治疗的满意度和信任度，从而减少印度尼西亚人进行医疗旅游的人数。
