Department of Pharmacy, Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, PR China.
Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China; Innovation Research Center of Advanced Environmental Technology, Eco-Industrial Innovation Institute ZJUT, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324400, PR China.
Sci Total Environ. 2024 Mar 1;914:170045. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170045. Epub 2024 Jan 12.
General populations are widely exposed to various p-phenylenediamine antioxidants (PPDs). N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), a typical p-phenylenediamine antioxidant, has been detected in human urine samples. However, the occurrence of other widely used PPDs in human urine is still unclear. This study comprehensively characterized the occurrence of 9 PPDs in human urine from 151 Chinese adults. Our results showed that all target PPDs were detected in human urine samples, with the total concentrations of PPDs ranging from 0.41 to 38 ng/mL. PPDs in human urine was dominated by 6PPD (mean 1.2 ng/mL, range < LOD - 3.8 ng/mL), followed by N-phenyl-N'-cyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine (CPPD; 0.85 ng/mL, <LOD - 2.5 ng/mL) and (7PPD; 0.70 ng/mL, <LOD - 2.3 ng/mL). Female participants (1.4 ± 0.29 and 1.0 ± 0.22 ng/mL, respectively) exhibited significantly higher (p < 0.05) mean urinary concentrations of 6PPD and CPPD than male participants (1.0 ± 0.18 and 0.83 ± 0.18 ng/mL, respectively). Urinary concentrations of N, N'-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine, CPPD, 7PPD, and 6PPD showed a general decreasing trend with the age of participants. In addition, daily excretion (DE) of PPDs in human urine was estimated, based on the urinary concentrations of detected PPDs. 6PPD had the highest mean DE (34 ng/kg bw/day), followed by CPPD (24 ng/kg bw/day) and 7PPD (19 ng/kg bw/day). To our knowledge, this study first reports the occurrence of 8 PPDs in human urine. More studies are needed to evaluate the toxic effects of human exposure to these PPDs.
一般人群广泛接触各种对苯二胺类抗氧化剂（PPD）。N-（1,3-二甲基丁基）-N'-苯基对苯二胺（6PPD）是一种典型的对苯二胺类抗氧化剂，已在人体尿液样本中检出。然而，其他广泛使用的 PPD 在人体尿液中的存在情况尚不清楚。本研究全面描述了 151 名中国成年人尿液中 9 种 PPD 的发生情况。结果显示，所有目标 PPD 均在人体尿液样本中检出，PPD 总浓度范围为 0.41-38ng/mL。尿液中 PPD 以 6PPD 为主（平均 1.2ng/mL，范围<LOD-3.8ng/mL），其次是 N-苯基-N'-环己基对苯二胺（CPPD；0.85ng/mL，<LOD-2.5ng/mL）和（7PPD；0.70ng/mL，<LOD-2.3ng/mL）。女性参与者（分别为 1.4±0.29 和 1.0±0.22ng/mL）的 6PPD 和 CPPD 平均尿浓度明显高于男性参与者（分别为 1.0±0.18 和 0.83±0.18ng/mL）（p<0.05）。N，N'-二苯基对苯二胺、CPPD、7PPD 和 6PPD 的尿浓度随参与者年龄的增长呈普遍下降趋势。此外，根据检测到的 PPD 尿液浓度，估计了 PPD 在人体尿液中的日排泄量（DE）。6PPD 的平均 DE 最高（34ng/kg bw/day），其次是 CPPD（24ng/kg bw/day）和 7PPD（19ng/kg bw/day）。据我们所知，本研究首次报告了 8 种 PPD 在人体尿液中的存在情况。需要更多的研究来评估人类接触这些 PPD 的毒性作用。
