Afzal Muhammad, Noreen Razia, Aslam Nosheen, Alam Mohammad Mahtab, Momenah Maha Abdullah
Department of Biochemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia.
ACS Omega. 2023 Dec 21;9(1):1174-1182. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07431. eCollection 2024 Jan 9.
Immune cell infiltration is associated with improved prognosis in the microenvironment of breast cancer. The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan is 2.5 times higher than that in neighboring countries of Asia, accounting for 34.6% of female cancers. The objectives of this study were to compare and determine apoptotic mediators and biomarkers for breast carcinoma, such as serum granzyme B, cytochrome C, and vitamin D by ELIZA and calcium spectrophotometrically. Study groups were differentiated into malignant breast disease G-I, benign proliferative breast disease G-II, and healthy control group G-III. The immune-related prognostic markers and therapeutic targets were determined through the interaction of proteins by molecular docking and AutoDock Vina software. The level of granzyme B and cyt C was higher in Group-I, -II, and -III. Likewise, the mean vitamin D level was greater in Group-I than those in other groups. Through SwissDock, the proteins granzyme B and cyt C with vitamin D, single amino acid residue MET34 (H-bond 2.75 Å), and ILE81(H-bond 2.092 Å) were revealed to actively participate in interactions. This study reveals granzyme B and cyt C as biomarkers for malignant breast disease and benign proliferative breast disease, while hypovitaminosis D and hypocalcemia are complications or comorbidities of breast cancer.
免疫细胞浸润与乳腺癌微环境中预后的改善相关。巴基斯坦乳腺癌的发病率比亚洲邻国高2.5倍,占女性癌症的34.6%。本研究的目的是通过酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)和钙分光光度法比较并确定乳腺癌的凋亡介质和生物标志物,如血清颗粒酶B、细胞色素C和维生素D。研究组分为恶性乳腺疾病G-I组、良性增生性乳腺疾病G-II组和健康对照组G-III组。通过分子对接和AutoDock Vina软件,通过蛋白质间的相互作用确定免疫相关的预后标志物和治疗靶点。颗粒酶B和细胞色素C的水平在G-I组、G-II组和G-III组中较高。同样,G-I组的平均维生素D水平高于其他组。通过瑞士分子对接程序(SwissDock),发现颗粒酶B和细胞色素C与维生素D、单氨基酸残基MET34(氢键2.75 Å)和ILE81(氢键2.092 Å)的蛋白质积极参与相互作用。本研究揭示颗粒酶B和细胞色素C是恶性乳腺疾病和良性增生性乳腺疾病的生物标志物,而维生素D缺乏症和低钙血症是乳腺癌的并发症或合并症。