Interactive transgenerational effects of parental co-exposure to prochloraz and chlorpyrifos: Disruption in multiple biological processes and induction of genotoxicity.

The application of different types of pesticides can result in the coexistence of multiple pesticide residues in our food and the environment. This can have detrimental effects on the health of offspring across generations when parents are exposed to these pesticides. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the long-term effects that can be inherited by future generations when assessing the risks associated with pesticides. To study the genotoxic effects of commonly used pesticides, prochloraz (PRO) and chlorpyrifos (CHL), and assess whether their combined exposures have a different toxic effect, we modeled the transgenerational effects of parental (F0-generation) and/or offspring (F1-generation) exposures on zebrafish embryos in the F1-generation. Following the exposures, we proceeded to assess the impacts of these exposures on a range of biological processes in F1-generation zebrafish. Our results revealed that exposure to PRO and CHL altered multiple biological processes, such as inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and thyroid hormone synthesis, and detoxification system, providing molecular targets for subsequent studies on toxicity mechanisms. Notably, our study also found that the biological processes of F1-generation zebrafish embryos were altered even though they were not exposed to any pesticide when F0-generation zebrafish were exposed to PRO or CHL, suggesting potential genotoxicity. In conclusion, we provided in-vivo evidence that parental exposure to PRO and/or CHL can induce genotoxicity in the offspring. Moreover, we observed that the toxic effects resulting from the combined exposure were interactive, suggesting a potential synergistic impact on the offspring.