Consolidation of a Molecular Signature of Healing in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Is Achieved during the First 10 Days of Treatment.

The immune response is central to the pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). However, most of our current understanding of the immune response in human CL derives from the analysis of systemic responses, which only partially reflect what occurs in the skin. In this study, we characterized the transcriptional dynamics of skin lesions during the course of treatment of CL patients and identified gene signatures and pathways associated with healing and nonhealing responses. We performed a comparative transcriptome profiling of serial skin lesion biopsies obtained before, in the middle, and at the end of treatment of CL patients (eight who were cured and eight with treatment failure). Lesion transcriptomes from patients who healed revealed recovery of the stratum corneum, suppression of the T cell-mediated inflammatory response, and damping of neutrophil activation, as early as 10 d after initiation of treatment. These transcriptional programs of healing were consolidated before lesion re-epithelization. In stark contrast, downregulation of genes involved in keratinization was observed throughout treatment in patients who did not heal, indicating that in addition to uncontrolled inflammation, treatment failure of CL is mediated by impaired mechanisms of wound healing. This work provides insights into the factors that contribute to the effective resolution of skin lesions caused by Leishmania (Viannia) species, sheds light on the consolidation of transcriptional programs of healing and nonhealing responses before the clinically apparent resolution of skin lesions, and identifies inflammatory and wound healing targets for host-directed therapies for CL.