Chen Tingji, Helminen Terhi M, Linnunsalo Samuli, Hietanen Jari K
Department of Psychology, School of Education, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
Iperception. 2024 Jan 22;15(1):20416695231226059. doi: 10.1177/20416695231226059. eCollection 2024 Jan-Feb.
We measured participants' psychophysiological responses and gaze behavior while viewing a stimulus person's direct and averted gaze in three different conditions manipulating the participants' experience of being watched. The results showed that skin conductance responses and heart rate deceleration responses were greater to direct than averted gaze only in the condition in which the participants had the experience of being watched by the other individual. In contrast, gaze direction had no effects on these responses when the participants were manipulated to believe that the other individual could not watch them or when the stimulus person was presented in a pre-recorded video. Importantly, the eye tracking measures showed no differences in participants' looking behavior between these stimulus presentation conditions. The results of facial electromyography responses suggested that direct gaze elicited greater zygomatic and periocular responses than averted gaze did, independent of the presentation condition. It was concluded that the affective arousal and attention-orienting indexing autonomic responses to eye contact are driven by the experience of being watched. In contrast, the facial responses seem to reflect automatized affiliative responses which can be elicited even in conditions in which seeing another's direct gaze does not signal that the self is being watched.
我们在三种不同条件下测量了参与者观看刺激人物的直视和回避目光时的心理生理反应及注视行为，这三种条件分别操控了参与者被注视的体验。结果显示，仅在参与者有被他人注视体验的条件下，皮肤电导率反应和心率减速反应对直视的反应比对回避目光的反应更大。相比之下，当参与者被操控以相信他人无法注视他们时，或者当刺激人物以预先录制的视频呈现时，注视方向对这些反应没有影响。重要的是，眼动追踪测量结果显示，在这些刺激呈现条件下，参与者的注视行为没有差异。面部肌电图反应结果表明，无论呈现条件如何，直视比回避目光引发了更大的颧骨和眼周反应。研究得出结论，对眼神接触的自主反应中，情感唤醒和注意力定向指标是由被注视的体验驱动的。相比之下，面部反应似乎反映了自动化的亲和反应，即使在看到他人的直视并不意味着自己正在被注视的情况下，这种反应也可能被引发。
