Department of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy, Clean Technology and Applied Materials Research Group, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
Biotechnology and Chemistry Department, Vaal University of Technology, Vanderbijlpark, South Africa.
J Environ Sci Health A Tox Hazard Subst Environ Eng. 2023;58(14):1061-1071. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2024.2309857. Epub 2024 Jan 29.
The pulp and paper industry stands out as an example of a technology based on a renewable resource, cellulose. The sludge, however, poses major environmental and public health problems. To effectively manage the sludge wastes, it is critical to fully evaluate its composition, possible environmental impacts, and the total amount of exploitable renewable resources. The study established the pH of the sludge to be 7.32 ± 0.98, an electrical conductivity (1.84 mS/cm), nitrogen concentration (2.65 ± 0.21%), and total organic matter (41.23 ± 3.11%). The cellulosic content was established to be 74.07 ± 2.71% which contributes to 53.07 ± 1.23% water holding capacity (WHC). The most abundant elements were C and O, followed by Cl, Si, Al, and Mg, with lower concentrations of S, Si, K, and iron. The polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) levels ranged from 0.29 to 322.56 ng.g-1 with 1-methyl pyrene posting the highest concentration (322.56 ng.g-1. XRD peaks at 17.10°, 23.86°, 30.14°, and 36.57°, which imply the existence of CaCO3. SEM indicated that the sludge was majorly comprised of fibers materials with average particle sizes of 280 micrometers. TGA/DTG analysis showed that the sludge had the greatest cellulose and hemicellulose (64.7 wt. %).
纸浆和造纸工业是基于可再生资源纤维素的技术的一个典范。然而，污泥对环境和公共健康构成了重大问题。为了有效地管理污泥废物，全面评估其组成、可能的环境影响以及可利用的可再生资源总量至关重要。研究确定污泥的 pH 值为 7.32±0.98，电导率（1.84 mS/cm），氮浓度（2.65±0.21%）和总有机物质（41.23±3.11%）。纤维素含量确定为 74.07±2.71%，这有助于保持 53.07±1.23%的持水能力（WHC）。最丰富的元素是 C 和 O，其次是 Cl、Si、Al 和 Mg，S、Si、K 和铁的浓度较低。多环芳烃（PAHs）水平范围为 0.29 至 322.56 ng.g-1，1-甲基芘的浓度最高（322.56 ng.g-1）。XRD 峰在 17.10°、23.86°、30.14°和 36.57°，表明存在碳酸钙。SEM 表明，污泥主要由纤维材料组成，平均粒径为 280 微米。TGA/DTG 分析表明，污泥中纤维素和半纤维素（64.7 wt.%）含量最大。
